2019年5月11日托福听说读写真题答案回忆蹲点汇总+解析
回忆1：
综合写作：
阅读主要观点提取
总论点：太空的太阳能比地面上的太阳能好。
分论点一：比地面上接收的太阳能更多capture more energy。地球上的云层会挡住一部分太阳光，所以地球上的太阳能板接收的太阳能较少；另外，由于大气层会吸收掉一部分太阳光，所以地球上的太阳光比太空中的会弱很多。
分论点二：太空中的太阳能板有技术保护不会被破坏Protected from impacts，然而地球上的太阳能板会被风吹的碎片破坏。
分论点三：对环境更好Better for the environment。地球上的太阳能板通常被放在没人居住的原生态地区，太阳能板用占用一定的土地资源，也需要修建道路通往这个太阳能板的地区，自然会破坏生态环境。然而太空中的太阳能板就不会破坏环境。
听力主要观点提取
总论点：太空中的太阳能板不会比地球上的太阳能板好。
分论点一：不会接收到更多的能量。
分论点二：太空中的太阳能板也不能被保护，因为space dust特别小，现有的技术无法防止这么小的物质不撞击太阳能板。另外，高速的陨石会给太阳能巨大的热量，如此高的热能也会一定程度上破坏太阳能板。
分论点三：会破坏臭氧层，对地球的环境也不好。因为太空中太阳能板在释放能量的时候会破坏臭氧层。然而臭氧层在保护动植物方面有重要的作用，破坏了它对环境也不好。
回忆2：
阅读：
1.苏美尔文明
2.青蛙被病菌感染大量死亡
3.Venus的温室效应
4.通过建筑等一些physical material来做考古
5.人对味觉重量差别的感知
6.美国城市建设
7.鸟缺磷蛋壳薄
8.猿类使用工具
9.论欧洲北美建筑异同，
10.冰层的起源
11.titan
12.侏罗纪
13.美国交通工具的演变，马车，蒸汽……
14.植物入侵成功的一些条件
回忆3：
综合写作
Solar panels in space 的好处
阅读：
（1）capture 更多太阳能
（2）地球上风吹的 debris 会把太阳能板弄坏
（3）环保
听力：
听力内容反驳了阅读部分
（1）坏了不方便修
（2）太空更多未知的 debris 速度很快
（3）会破坏臭氧层，有更多 ultraviolet radiation
独立写作（2015.12.13 原题）
Some people think that older children should be required to take care of the younger children.
Others think that this should be done by parents or other adults.
Which one do you prefer?
参考思路：
观点：我认为应该让年长的孩子照顾自己的弟弟妹妹。
理由段一：让年长的孩子照顾自己的弟弟妹妹可以帮助他们更好地为成年生活做准备。现在不少的孩子都被宠坏了，他们习惯了以自己为中心。但是如果能够让他们照顾自己的弟弟妹妹，在这个过程中，学会体谅照顾他人，那么对于他们以后的成年生活和进入社会都会有很大的帮助。
理由段二：年长的孩子照顾自己的弟弟妹妹可以加强兄弟姐妹之间的关系。如今，不少家庭都面临着孩子相处不和谐的问题，这让家长很苦恼。如果年长的孩子能够照顾他们的弟弟妹妹的话，那么其弟弟妹妹也会感激他们所作出的贡献，之后的相处也会比较和谐。因此，兄弟姐妹之间的关系可以加强。
让步段：诚然，有人可能会说父母和大人应该承担照顾弟弟妹妹的责任，年长的孩子尚未能很好地照顾自己，更别谈照顾弟弟妹妹了。但是只要父母能够适当地照看，并且告诉年长的孩子应该如何照顾自己的弟弟妹妹，那么让年长的孩子照顾自己的弟弟妹妹既可以锻炼自己，又可以促进兄弟姐妹的关系，还是存在很大的优势的。
回忆4：
口 语
TASK 1
三选一，图书馆，咖啡厅，家里选择一个你认为适合自己学习的地方
TASK 2
同意与否，孩子能从 video games 中学到东西
TASK 3
学校应该让大四学生有priority workshop
TASK 4
一个名词，用taxi driver做实验，记录London的交通
TASK 5
听力材料女孩说要熬夜写历史作业但是答应了朋友的姐姐和她住一个屋，可以去楼下学习室写但是她想在屋里放音乐写，问给个建议
TASK 6
关于只吃一种食物的动物的 adaptation
回忆5：
听 力 （回忆不全，期待更多同学补充哦~）
Lecture
1. academic art
2. 印象派
Conversation
1. 女生排练的时候丢了某个东西
2.学生问assignment细节，老师邀请她参加conference
回忆6：
独立写作
重复2015年12月13日
Some people think that older children should be required to take care of the younger children、Others think that this should be done by parents or other adults.Which one do you prefer？
综合写作
重复2016年9月10日
题目：space-based solar panels
（1）The space-based solar panels can capture more energy for without the blockage of the earth’s atmosphere they can absorb more sun energy.
（2）They can be exempted from meteoroid impacts for they can more easily detect meteoroids.
（3）They are environment-friendly, posing no harm to the earth.
听力内容反驳了阅读部分
Earth-based solar panels are better
（1）They can not gather more energy in the long term. When they have some problem functioning, due to the fact that people should be sent to the space to fix them, the cost and the time is far from plausible. Therefore, the time when they can work well to absorb energy is not very long.
（2）Despite of little chance of meteoroid impacts, there are space dusts which can cause huge damage to them. The space dusts are such tiny particle that they can be hardly detected. What’s more, their speeds are so fast that they can cause intensive heat which will definitely impair the panels.
（3）The space-based panels depend on beams to transmit the energy to the earth, which will damage the ozone layer. In such situation, ultraviolet rays will directly penetrate the atmosphere, harming the human and animals on the earth and also leading to the decrease of the crop production.
回忆7：
口语部分
Task 1
你喜欢在哪学习？三选一：
1、家；
2、图书馆；
3、咖啡店。
Task2
agree or not agree ：children can learn from playing video game？
同不同意
一：孩子们会不会从video game 里学到东西？
二：video games是不是一个valuable things
Task3
阅读材料里说career fair希望优先帮助高年级同学。听力材料里女孩说不赞同低年级的同学也需要 part-time job，也需要改简历。
Task4
taxi driver做实验，记录和London的交通；
Task5
听力材料女孩说要熬夜写历史作业但是答应了朋友的姐姐和她住一个屋，可以去楼下学习室写但是她想在屋里放音乐写，问给个建议。
Task 6
只吃一种食物的动物的adaptation：
第一种是减少活动，减少energy的消耗，比如考拉吃完会睡一天；
第二种是避免poisoness，feel sick的时候会不再吃，例子也是考拉。
回忆8：
阅读部分
1、侏罗纪；
2、19世纪美国城市发展史；
3、美国交通工具的演变；
4、植物入侵成功的一些条件；
5、苏美尔文明；
6、青蛙被病菌感染大量死亡；
7、Venus的温室效应；
8、【巨难】考古文化，通过建筑等一些physical material来做考古；
9、猿类use tools；
10、冰川形成；
11、鸟类缺乏磷蛋壳薄；
12、论欧洲北美建筑异同；
13、titan；
14、人类对味觉重量差别的感知；
单词：
1、segmented=divided gathered
2、encompass=including a wealth
3、vow=promise
4、transmit=communicate
5、Formerly
6、proliferation=expand
7、prevail =commen
8、routinely = regularly
回忆9：
独立写作
重复2015年12月13日
Some people think that older children should be required to take care of the younger children. Others think that this should be done by parents or other adults. Which one do you prefer？
综合写作
重复2016年9月10日
阅读部分：利用太阳能的好处
1. 可以capture更多太阳能；
2. 地球上风吹的debris会把太阳能板弄坏；
3. 环保。
听力部分：反驳。
1. 但是坏了不方便修；
2. 太空更多未知的debris，速度很快；
3. beams会破坏臭氧层。
回忆10：
Speaking
Task 1
你喜欢在哪学习？三选一：
1. 家；
2. 图书馆；
3. 咖啡店。
Task2
agree or not agree ：children can learn from playing video game？
Task3
阅读材料里说career fair希望优先帮助高年级同学。听力材料里女孩说不赞同低年级的同学也需要 part-time job，也需要改简历。
Task4
求补充。
Task5
听力材料女孩说要熬夜写历史作业但是答应了朋友的姐姐和她住一个屋，可以去楼下学习室写但是她想在屋里放音乐写，问给个建议。
Task 6
只吃一种食物的动物的adaptation：
第一种是减少活动，减少energy的消耗，比如考拉吃完会睡一天；
第二种是避免poisoness，feel sick的时候会不再吃，例子也是考拉
回忆11：
阅读
01.Glaciers：Formation, Movement, and Distribution
冰川：形成，移动和分布
2016.06.18
文章说冰川其实是会change和move的，只是改变的不明显而已。然后文章开始讲水循环，说冰川是一个巨大的reservoir, 所以在循环的过程中非常重要。接着又讨论了冰川的形成机制，是因为积雪压实。冰川的运作分为两种：一种是冰川本身的内部流动；另外一种是冰川整体与周围的滑动，有水作为润滑的话会运动得更快。最后讲了影响冰川运作的因素，包括地理位置和海拔等等，举了华盛顿冰川的例子解释海拔的影响。
02.Optimal Foraging Among Primates
灵长类动物的最优觅食策略
2018.01.13
灵长类动物觅食（foraging寻找草料），需要maximize它们每次forage能够获得的营养或者minimize每次觅食会消耗的体力。即使是叶子这种没有那么富含营养的食物。它们也会挑特定的来吃，比如会避开坚硬的果实，而选择高蛋白（high protein）的食物来吃。还说灵长类动物会根据特定地区食物的多少来调整它们觅食小分队的人数。比如一个地方食物很多，足够养活很多猩猩的话，那这些小分队又会聚拢到一起。说某一种灵长类动物，也会以这种方式聚拢，只是我们不太能够观察到（考点问为什么要说这个，答案应该就是支持作者关于灵长类动物无论什么种类都有根据特定地区食物数量来决定小分队人数这一观点）；还说到了如果没有大量的食物来源，一些比较弱的灵长类动物宁愿独自觅食也不要结成小分队，以小分队的形式来和其它小分队竞争事务，因为它们投入的cost远小于它们能够得到的。
discrete = distinct 离散的，分明的
simultaneously = at the same time 同时地
routinely = regularly 例行公事地
03.Development of Mass Transportation in the United States
美国大众交通的发展
2018.09.16
讲原来城市很小因为大家都是步行，后来马车出现，城市开始阶级化的分区。然后因马车有弊端，又发明了马拉轨道车，也有弊端最后到发明电轨道车。
04.Successful Invaders
成功的入侵者
2017.10.28，2017.11.04
一些植物发展不可能稳定进行，人类因素会影响植物行为，而这些人类影响并没有被科学家考虑到。一种植物被入类所利用去阻挡洪水，被分散到一些地方，如西班牙某地；由于人们引进Red Butterfly导致某地一种Bronze Butterfly逐渐减少，然后Red Butterfly就占据了这个地方，有提到用larva的特点来限制Red Butterfly的蔓延，因为在南部地区首先是larva被转移到这里所以才导致red疯长，严重影响了当地园艺工业的发展，之后提到了一种治理措施加一个例子。
prolifically = abundantly 丰富地
readily = easily 容易地
prior to = before 在之前
05.Climate in the Triassic and Jurassic
三叠纪和侏罗纪的气候
2017.01.14
第一段：Late Triassic and early Jurassic的气候特征： warm，aridity, 四季分明。
第二段：broad climate regimes 是基于一些rocks去判断。
第三段：还有另外三个climate indicators揭示了当时的气候：
第四段：Late Jurassic气候开始发生变化。
第五段：Middle and Late Jurassic时期，ocean basin的water 还有特定的鱼类揭示了那时海平面很高;而且内陆海很多。北极是没有ice and glaciers的，意味着那时候温度很高。
obtained = gathered 获得
are preserved = survive 得以保留
a wealth of data = a lot of information 大量数据
encompass = include 包含
06.Sumerian Contributions
苏美尔人的文明发展
2014.05.24, 2015.09.05
第1段讲到苏美尔原来人口稀少，因为每年都有洪灾。但是后来农业发展，人口增多。
第2段讲苏美尔地区土壤特别肥沃，农业的灌溉以及种植需要有人管理和监管，而 priesthood 起到了这个功能。
第3段说明Sumerian 发明了文字，当时的 cuneiform 是在 2800bc 形成的。Sumerian 是 temple city, 一开始出于官方记录 temple 的建造，劳动力分工等发明了文字，后来文字延用于商业交易。
unpromising = unfavorable 不利的
a wealth of = an abundance of 大量的
scarcity of = lacking in 缺乏
diffusion = spread 传播扩散
真题原文
Sumerian Contributions
Before about 4500 B.C., lower Mesopotamia, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers just north of the Persian Gulf, was much less densely populated than other inhabited regions of the Near and Middle East. Its marshy soil, subject to annual inundations (floods) from the rivers, was not suited to the primitive hoe culture of early agriculture, in which land was cultivated without domestic animals or beasts. Moreover, the land was virtually treeless and lacked building stone and mineral resources. During the next thousand years, however, this unpromising area became the seat of Sumer, the first great civilization known to history, with large concentrations of people, bustling cities, monumental architecture, and a wealth of religious, artistic, and literary traditions that influenced other ancient civilizations for thousands of years. The exact sequence of events that led to this culmination is unknown, but it is clear that the economic basis of this first civilization lay in its highly productive agriculture.
The natural fertility of the rich black soil was renewed annually by the silt left from the spring floods of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Harnessing its full productive power, however, required an elaborate system of drainage and irrigation, which in turn required a large and well-disciplined workforce as well as skilled management and supervision. The latter were supplied by a class of priests and warriors who ruled a large population of peasants and artisans. Through taxation and other means the rulers extracted wealth from the population and then used it to construct temples and other public buildings and to create works of art. That gave them (or some of them) the leisure to perfect the other refinements of civilization.
The rise of civilization brought with it a far more complex division of labor and system of economic organization. Full-time artisans specialized in the manufacture of textiles and pottery, metalworking, and other crafts. The professions of architecture, engineering, and medicine, among others, were born. Weights and measures were systematized, mathematics was invented, and primitive forms of science emerged. Since Sumer was virtually devoid of natural resources other than its rich soil, it traded with other people, thereby contributing to the diffusion of Sumerian civilization. The scarcity of stone, for tools as well as for buildings, probably hastened the adoption of copper and bronze. Copper, at least, was already known before the rise of Sumerian civilization, but lack of demand for it among the Stone Age peasant villages inhibited its widespread use. In Sumerian cities, on the other hand, stone imported by sea through the Persian Gulf from Oman and downriver from the mountains of Anatolia and the Caucasus had to compete with imported copper, and the latter proved more economical and effective for a variety of uses. Thereafter metallurgy, the technology of separating metals from their ores and purifying them, was regarded as one of the hallmarks of civilization.
Sumer’s greatest contribution to subsequent civilizations, the invention of writing, likewise grew out of economic necessity. The early cities—Eridu, Ur, Uruk, and Lagash—were temple cities: both economic and religious organizations centered on the temple of the local patron deity, represented by a priestly hierarchy. Members of the hierarchy directed the construction and maintenance of irrigation and drainage systems, oversaw agricultural activities, and supervised the collection of produce as taxation or tribute (money or other wealth given as a sign of submission or in return for protection). The need to keep records of the sources and uses of this tribute led to the use of simple pictographs on clay tablets sometime before 3000 B.C. By about 2800 B.C. the pictographs had been stylized into the system of writing known as cuneiform (using wedge-shaped marks on clay), a distinctive characteristic of Mesopotamian civilization. It is one of the few examples in history of a significant innovation issuing from a bureaucratic organization.
Although writing originated in response to the need for administrative bookkeeping, it soon found multiple religious, literary, and economic uses. In a later phase of development, after the strict temple-centered organization of the economy had given way to greater freedom of enterprise, clay tablets were used for recording the details of contracts, debts, and other commercial and financial transactions.
07.Urban Development in the United States in the Nineteenth Century
19世纪美国的城市发展
2019.03.31，2014.11.23，2014.04.27, 2017.05.06
P1-没有规划：美国19实际的城市发展整体缺乏规划，只是在局部小区域内为了吸引富人购买，开发商做了精心的布局。但是这种布局不同于我们今天所说的出于对城市空间排列和服务组织考量而进行的规划。
P2-起作用的其他因素：其他因素有经济、交通技术、人口学、以及美国人对独门独户生活和乡村生活的喜好。具体说，经济因素使得城市中的工商业发展优先选择最佳地段，并且经济带来的人们收入提高使得能够购买更大的房子和支付远距离交通；交通变革延伸了人们换乘的距离，并且降低了交通成本。
P3-起作用的其他因素：人口也影响着城市发展，一方面大量农村和外国移民移入城市，使得城市越来越大；另一方面城市中原有人口主要是中产阶级开始逃离城市搬到乡村，因为他们发现城市中的问题越来越严重，更喜好乡村生活。
P4-存在的问题：城市中的问题分成两类，一类是一直到今天都难以解决的问题如犯罪、噪音等，另一类是因为缺乏城市规划而产生的，如易发火灾和卫生条件恶劣诱发传染病。
P5-存在的问题：火灾和卫生这两个问题都和另一方面城市特点有关，那就是城市建设缺乏协同合作，最明显的例子就是道路的扭曲，使其更靠近某住户的房子，这完全是出于个人的考虑而没有整体协作。
steadily = continually 稳定持续地
plague = cause trouble for 招致问题
abrupt = sudden 突然的
08.The Green House Effect of Venus
金星的温室效应
2019.04.14，2018.04.15
09.青蛙的真菌感染
2017.12.17
某种fungus对青蛙的影响，探讨了细菌的传播及可能的起源。
10.一种污染物在极地的传播
通过水路，空气，烟雾等等方式。
11.欧洲北美建筑的异同
12.Disease and History
疾病与历史
2015.01.10
dispersed = scattered 分开了的
deficiencies = shortages 缺陷
emerging = appearing 出现
真题原文
Disease and History
What is the relationship between disease and the evolution of human societies?
Epidemiology is the study of the causes, distribution, and control of diseases in populations. Throughout history, there have been general trends in the relationship between diseases and the human species. Anthropologist George Armelogos has outlined these trends and refers to them as three “epidemiological transitions.”
For most of our species’ history, we lived in small, widely dispersed, nomadic groups. Our ancestors certainly experienced diseases of various sorts and would have come into contact with new diseases as they migrated to new environments. But infectious disease may not have had serious effects on large numbers of people or many different populations, since diseases would have had little chance of being passed on to many other humans.
When some people began to settle down and produce their food through farming and animal domestication—starting about 10,000 years ago—the first epidemiological transition occurred. Infectious diseases increased in impact, as larger and denser concentrations of people provided greater opportunity for disease to be passed from host to host. Animal domestication may have brought people into contact with new diseases previously limited to other species. Working the soil would have exposed farmers to insects and other pathogens. Irrigation in some areas provided breeding places for mosquitoes, increasing the incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Sanitation problems caused by larger, more sedentary populations would have helped transmit diseases in human waste, as would the use of animal dung for fertilizer. In addition, agriculture also led to a narrowing of food sources, as compared to the varied diets of hunters and gatherers. This could have resulted in nutritional deficiencies; moreover, the storage of food surpluses attracted new disease carriers such as insects and rats. Trade between settled communities helped spread diseases over large geographic areas, as in the case of the Black Death in Europe. Epidemics, in the sense of diseases that affect a large number of populations at the same time, were essentially nonexistent until the development of agricultural economies.
Beginning in the last years of the nineteenth century and continuing into the twentieth, we experienced the second epidemiological transition. With modern medical science providing immunizations and antibiotics and with better public health measures and improved nutrition, many infectious diseases were brought under control, or even eliminated. In terms of what ailed and killed us, there was a shift to chronic diseases such as heart and lung diseases. The increase in many of these came not only from the fact that fewer people were dying from infectious disease and were living longer but also from the results of modern lifestyles in developed countries and among the upper classes of developing countries—a more sedentary life leading to less physical activity, more stress, environmental pollution, and high-fat diets. But at least, we thought, many of these problems were things we could potentially control; all those infectious epidemics were of the past.
But on the heels of the second transition had come the third epidemiological transition, and we are in it now. New diseases are emerging, and old ones are returning. Both of these phenomena can be understood in terms of evolutionary theory.
The return of old diseases is the result of the fact that microorganisms are evolving species themselves. For example, new and serious antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis have recently appeared. This evolution may have been encouraged by what some authorities consider our overuse of antibiotics, giving microorganisms a greater chance to evolve resistance by exposing them to a constant barrage of selective challenges. Some bacteria reproduce hourly, and so the processes of genetic mutation and natural selection are speeded up in these species.
Emerging diseases are also the result of human activity in the modern world, which brings more people into contact with more diseases, some of which were unheard of even a few decades ago. As people and their products became more mobile, and as our populations spread into previously little-inhabited areas, cutting down forests and otherwise altering ecological conditions, we contact other species that may carry diseases to which they are immune but that prove deadly to us.
13.Models of Egg Development
蛋的发育模型
2019.03.16，2015.09.19，2014.09.27
古生物学家Romer认为，当某些水生的两栖动物正在进化出像爬行动物一样的骨骼时，他们便把蛋产在陆地上，这样做的好处是避免自己的水生幼虫只能待在水里，因而面临着水里捕猎者和水池干涸的风险，但把蛋产在陆地上也有风险，尤其是被空气干燥的风险，所以蛋的外层发展出了一系列的保护膜，包括硬壳这样的保护层也发展出来了。
古生物学家Kohring认为，两栖动物在Mississippian时代扩张进入了营养贫瘠或寒冷的水中，为了应对这种严酷环境，他们产出更大蛋黄的卵来为了后代储备营养，而更大的蛋黄使得蛋更大，产蛋的数量更少，为了保护这个更大的蛋完好无损，一到多个保护膜被发展出来，有了外层保护膜，便能够把有毒的钙离子安全储备在外层膜里，钙离子在外层硬壳的积累使得这些两栖动物提前适应了将蛋产在陆地上。
Gary和Packard关注的不是保护膜如何出现，而是保护膜出现后蛋壳的发展过程，Packard认为最早的爬行动物是在潮湿的陆地上产生类似皮革的坚韧带壳的蛋，这样这种蛋便可在发育过程中从环境吸水，但是由于这种蛋受到捕猎的昆虫和微生物的威胁，爬行动物便开始向蛋分泌碳酸钙层，碳酸钙层虽能保护蛋，但妨碍了水分的吸收，作为补偿，含有大量水溶性蛋清的蛋演变出来，此时，爬行动物的蛋已经发展到了带有坚固外壳、并像鸟蛋一样复杂的程度。
Mary和Seymour注意到两栖动物的卵之所以不能达到爬行动物蛋的大小，是因为卵周围的明胶层不能很好地传送氧气，因此蛋进化上的重大突破来自于明胶层的清除，取而代之是纤维状生物膜，这样才能允许更大的蛋进化出来。
查看关于本文更多信息
exclusively = only唯一，仅仅
accumulating = collecting 积累
counter = combat对抗，敌对
breakthrough = development 突破，发展
英联全球雅思托福英语Q1 18:31:51
14.生物入侵
一种cheatgrass。
话题拓展
Bromes are cool season grasses (optimal growth below 75°F/23.9°C), usually clump-forming, have closed sheaths叶鞘, panicles圆锥花序 that are often drooping or nodding to one side, multi-flowered spikelets小穗状花, unequal glumes颖壳, and lemmas外稃 that are typically awned有芒的, hairy and usually notched锯齿状的 at the tip forming 2 teeth with the awn arising between the teeth. The longer leaves also frequently twist from near the base so the underside and upperside are flipped. Most Bromes found in Minnesota have sheaths and nodes节点 that are hairy to various degrees and are mostly distinguished by the number of veins on the glumes, length of the lemma awns, and sometimes leaf characteristics.
Cheatgrass, also commonly called Downy Brome, is one of two weedy (and potentially invasive) annual Bromes in Minnesota, the other being Japanese Brome (Bromus japonicus). Besides being an annual, Cheatgrass is distinguished by soft-hairy leaves and sheaths, ligule舌状 2 to 5 mm long, 3 to 8 florets per spikelet, a 1-veined lower glume, 3-veined upper glume, variously hairy lemmas with an awn up to 25 mm long that is spreading at maturity, palea shorter than the lemma and variously hairy with sparse long hairs on the veins. By comparison, Japanese Brome has more florets per spikelet (7 to 15), a (3)5-veined lower glume, 7-veined upper glume, mostly hairless lemmas, the lowest lemma in a spikelet having an awn about half the size of the longest awn (Cheatgrass are all similar), and usually a shorter ligule (1 to 2 mm).
15. Ancient Environment
重建古代环境
2018.09.08，2014.03.01
考古文化。首段引入介绍考古学需要建立古代地球环境，以下各段分别从植物遗迹(floral remains)、动物遗迹(faunal remains)和人体遗迹的角度进行古代环境的重建，最后两段引入地质考古学(geoarchaeology)的概念，以及用埃及的例子来解释地质和考古学如何相互结合来重新构建古代环境。
constituents = components 组成部分
excavated = dug from the ground 提取
characteristic = typical 典型的
alteration = modification 变化
16.人类对味觉重量差别的感知
回忆12：
写 作
Integrated Writing
Reading
太空的太阳能比地面上的太阳能好；
1. capture more energy，没有云层会挡住一部分太阳光也不会有大气层吸收掉一部分太阳光；
2.太空中的太阳能板有技术Protectedfrom impacts，然而地球上的太阳能板会被风吹的碎片破坏；
3.Better for the environment，地球上放太阳能板自然会破坏生态环境，然而太空中的太阳能板就不会破坏环境。
Listening
太空中的太阳能板不会比地球上的太阳能板好。
1.长期来说不能接收到更多的能量，一旦设备出现功能性的问题，就要派人员去太空修理，这样的费用和时间是很高的，所以可以运行的时间不一定多；
2.太空中的太阳能板也不能被保护，space dust特别小，现有的技术无法防止这么小的物质撞击太阳能板。高速的陨石会给太阳能巨大的热量，也会破坏太阳能板；
3.会破坏臭氧层，对地球的环境不好；太空中太阳能板在释放能量的时候会破坏臭氧层。然而臭氧层在保护动植物方面有重要的作用，破坏了它对环境也不好。
Independent Writing
Some people think that older children should be required to take care ofthe younger children. Others think that this should be done by parents or otheradults. Which do you prefer?
立场：年长的孩子照顾年幼的孩子比父母或者其他成年人照管比较好；
主题段思路：
1.个性：年长的孩子可以担任起照顾年幼孩子的任务，会在内心建立起一个长辈的人设，这样培养他们的责任感，并且有自己的哥哥姐姐做榜样，也会让小的孩子增加责任感；但是其他成人和父母照顾孩子会让他们觉得都是平常的事情，这样没有培养出责任心；
2.健康：年长的孩子可以照顾年幼孩子，因为年龄上的差距不大，所以孩子们可以相互理解，一些大人不能理解的事情都可以相互体谅；但是成年人不能理解一些小孩子们的感受，不能有共同语言；
3.社交：年长的孩子可以照顾年幼孩子，因为是同龄人，所以会有很多轻松随意的沟通交流，这样能够锻炼孩子们的表达能力，孩子们就可以有社交能力；但是有大人们照顾，还是们体会不到和同龄人的交谈方式。
回忆13：
口 语
TASK1 Where do you like to study? 1. Home；2. Library；3. Coffee shop
解析：常规题，话题常规，题型常规，选项也非常常规。主题：喜欢在家里学习；原因：家里比较舒适，设施也一应俱全，更加愿意去学习；举例：学习很难的物理，在家里就把空调开到适合的温度，摆好零时和茶水，就很愿意花很长时间来解题
TASK2 Agree or disagree: Video games arevaluable for children.
解析：以前有过video game是否浪费时间的题，这个题也可以相同答。主题：不同意；原因：非常耗时间，影响学习；举例：以前初中玩游戏，成绩很差，但是高中戒游戏以后，成绩就突飞猛进
TASK3
阅读：学习上建议career fair优先帮助高年级同学；原因1：低年级同学占了太多学校的实习资源；原因2：低年级同学只需要看看指南就可以了
听力：女生不同意；原因1：低年级的同学也需要兼职的工作；原因2：光看书是不够的，低年级也需要得到指导中心的具体指导，比如修改简历，模拟面试等
TASK4
一种大脑的功能，可以修复受损细胞。举例：做了一个实验，找了一个20岁左右的一群出租车司机，在伦敦的各种地方，记住路是很难的，然后通过不断的训练，四年时间让他们熟记各种landmark，最后结果是啥都不记得了
TASK5
问题：女生马上要交一个作业，但是她答应好朋友的妹妹，要让她一起住
方案1：去楼下的studylounge学习；缺点：她想在写作业的时候放音乐
方案2：把好朋友的妹妹弄走，然后再宿舍学习；优点：可以听音乐，集中注意力
TASK6
Animal adaptation: 一些动物很挑食，只吃单一的食物，有一些方法可以让动物在这种单一食材下更好的生存。1. 减少活动，减少energy的消耗，举例：考拉吃完会睡一天；2. 辨别食物是否有毒，避免中毒，举例：考拉吃东西之前会先闻一下食物，如果觉得气味和之前让身体不舒服事物一样，就不会继续吃东西了
回忆14:
听 力
C1：学生来询问teaching strategy的操作方式，重复了2017年1月7日的对话真题。
来做一波题：
1.Why does the woman go to see her professor?
A)To discuss a paper she recently submitted
B)To review the steps involved in obtaining a teaching certificate
C)To discuss the implementation of a specific instructional strategy
D)To discuss a situation she recently observed while doing her fieldwork
2.When a teacher uses the consensus method, what must students do if they disagree?
A)Choose one member of the class to act as their teacher
B)Justify their ideas to other members of the class
C)Ask the adult teacher to help them solve their problem
D)Write down the reasons why they disagreed
3.According to the consensus method, what does the teacher do after the class finishes discussing the first paragraph of the essay?
A)Meet individually with one student at a time
B)Select a new student to lead the class discussion
C)Observe the students as they work in groups
D)Point out any problems the students missed in the paragraph
4.Why does the professor mention the three stages of fieldwork?
A)To warn the woman of the rigorous process of fieldwork
B)To emphasize that each stage has its own challenges and rewards
C)To explain the importance of getting a good evaluation at the end of each stage
D)To point out the best time to discuss teaching plans with the teacher in charge
5.What does the professor imply when he says this:
A)The woman will face some difficulties when using the consensus method.
B)The woman should encourage her students to ask a lot of questions.
C)Students enjoy learning when teachers use the consensus method.
D)The disadvantages of the consensus method outweigh its advantages.
看答案：C B C D A
其他还考了些什么呢？
C2：老师建议学生发表论文，参加一个conference。
C3：学生排练的时候东西掉了，找工作人员寻求帮助。
Lecture
Art History：教授介绍有关Rome的Salon的发展。
Zoology：蜘蛛吐丝与捕食的故事。
Astronomy：Titan的climate model。
Psychology：一个婴儿哭闹等举动表达的意思。
Anthropology：教授介绍如果不依靠agriculture而靠fishing的文明能不能存续。
Chemistry：教授介绍超导体材料，说电线copper太损耗又说了其他运用。
回忆15：
阅读篇章
Earlytrolley car in Newton, Massachusetts
Sumerian Contributions（14年5月24日，15年9月5日考题。两河流域农业文明兴起，农业建设催生了统治阶级，手工业和城市发展，发明文字等）
Urban Development in the UnitedStates in the Nineteenth Century（14年11月23日和4月27日, 17年5月6日考题。19世纪美国城市发展，讨论urban planning）
Glaciers：Formation, Movement, andDistribution（16年6月18日考题，文字内容可以参考下tpo15-1 Glacier Formation）
Climate in the Triassic andJurassic（17年1月14日考题，化石证据表明Triassicand Jurassic之间这段时间气候干燥，四季分明）
Successful Invaders（17年10月28日和11月4日考题，植物入侵成功的一些条件，比如invasive plant，一种草不怕火，但给那片地区起火提供很好的燃料，那片地方老起火别的植物都没了，就那个草长的贼好）
Development of Mass Transportationin the United States（18年9月16日考题，美国交通工具的演变，马车，蒸汽机车。以前城市很小，因为人们都生活在能走路去工作的地方，随着交通工具的演变，城市也变大了）
Optimal Foraging Among Primates（18年1月13日考题，猿类使用工具，最大化获得的营养，最小化消耗的能量）
The Green House Effect of Venus（18年4月15日考题，Venus的温室效应）
土卫六titan
青蛙被病菌感染大量死亡
人对味觉重量差别的感知
比较欧洲北美建筑的相同点和不同点
Earlywriting tablet for recording the allocation of beer; 3100–3000 BC; height: 9.4cm; width: 6.87 cm; from Iraq; British Museum (London)
Golddagger from Sumerian tomb PG 580, Royal Cemetery at Ur.
背景知识
Titan (JupiterⅥ)，木卫六
A modelof Titan's internal structure showing ice-six layer
Titan is the largest moon ofSaturn and the second-largest natural satellite in the Solar System. It is theonly moon known to have a dense atmosphere.
Titan is the sixth gravitationallyrounded moon from Saturn. Frequently described as a planet-like moon, Titan is50% larger than Earth's moon and 80% more massive. It is the second-largestmoon in the Solar System after Jupiter's moon Ganymede, and is larger than theplanet Mercury, but only 40% as massive. Discovered in 1655 by the Dutchastronomer Christiaan Huygens, Titan was the first known moon of Saturn, andthe sixth known planetary satellite (after Earth's moon and the four Galileanmoons of Jupiter). Titan orbits Saturn at 20 Saturn radii. From Titan'ssurface, Saturn subtends an arc of 5.09 degrees and would appear 11.4 timeslarger in the sky than the Moon from Earth.
Titan is primarily composed of iceand rocky material. Much as with Venus before the Space Age, the dense opaqueatmosphere prevented understanding of Titan's surface until the Cassini–Huygensmission in 2004 provided new information, including the discovery of liquidhydrocarbon lakes in Titan's polar regions. The geologically young surface isgenerally smooth, with few impact craters, although mountains and severalpossible cryovolcanoes have been found.
The atmosphere of Titan is largelynitrogen; minor components lead to the formation of methane and ethane cloudsand nitrogen-rich organic smog. The climate—including wind and rain—createssurface featuressimilar to those of Earth, such as dunes, rivers, lakes, seas(probably of liquid methane and ethane), and deltas, and is dominated byseasonal weather patterns as on Earth. With its liquids (both surface andsubsurface) and robust nitrogen atmosphere, Titan's methane cycle is analogousto Earth's water cycle, at the much lower temperature of about 94 K (−179.2 °C;−290.5 °F).
真题回顾
Urban Development in the United Statesin the Nineteenth Century（14年11月23日和4月27日, 17年5月6日考题。19世纪美国城市发展）
Paragraph 1
In discussingthe growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannotreally use the term “urban planning,” as it suggests modern concerns forspatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist beforethe planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the1890s.While therecertainly were urban areas that were “planned” in the comprehensivecontemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C.,these were the exception. Most “planned” in the nineteenth century was limitedto areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developerstrying to make a profit from a piece of land. Even when these small-scale planswere well designed, the developers made only those improvements that wereabsolutely necessary to attract the wealthy segment of the market. Indeed, itwas the absence of true urban planning that allowed other factors to play suchan important role in shaping the nineteenth-century American city.
Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.
Understanding the growth of citiesin nineteenth-century America requires recognizing how the City BeautifulMovement of the 1890s changed “urban planning.”
For the most part, there was no“urban planning,” as that term is understood today, before the beginning of theCity Beautiful Movement in the 1890s.
Concerns for spatial and serviceorganization had little impact on the growth of cities before the 1890s whenthe City Beautiful Movement began.
The growth of cities innineteenth-century America resulted in the creation of the City BeautifulMovement in the 1890s and the rise of the term “urban planning.”
答案：B
词汇题整理
steadily=continuously
plague=cause trouble for
abrupt=sudden
unpromising=unfavorable
a wealth of=an abundance of
scarcity of=lacking in
diffusion=spread
回忆16：
综合写作
太阳能电池板建在太空更好还是建在地球更好。
考题解析
Reading:
1、捕获更多能量，而不会阻挡地球大气，它们可以吸收更多的太阳能。
2、免受流星体撞击，因为它们可以更容易地检测到流星体。
3、它们对环境友好，对地球没有任何伤害。
Listening:反驳
1、从长远来看，无法吸收更多能量。 当它们遇到问题时，人们应该被送到空间来修理它们，成本和时间不合理。
2、尽管流星体撞击的可能性很小，但是有太空尘埃会对它们造成巨大的破坏。
3、电池板建在太空会依靠光束将能量传递到地球，这将破坏臭氧层。
独立写作
Some people think that older children should be required to take care of the younger children. Others think that this should be done by parents or other adults.Which do you prefer?
考题解析
选择类：选择被父母或者其他成年人照顾 原因是：1. 成年人更有经验，知道如何在饮食，教育，性格上更好地培养孩子；2. 如果让年长孩子照顾，他们会承受很大的压力；再者会限制他们自由活动的时间，不利于他们更好的成长。3.让步：当然年长孩子照顾小孩可以帮助减轻父母负担，并且可以促进他们之间的感情。 Adults are more experienced whether on diet, education or character cultivation; if the elder children are required to take care of the younger children, it is predictable that they may be under too much pressure and their free time would also be limited; certainly, parents’ burden could be lessened and the relationship between brothers or sisters could also be strengthened if the children are taken care of by the older children.
回忆17：
口语
Task 1 Independent Speaking
Where would you like to study for an exam most and why?
A. at home
B. in a library
C. in a café (coffee shop)
Include specific reasons and examples to support your response.
考试解析
A. at home
SD：1. The most comfortable and flexible place since there’s no time limitation when to start and finish study compared with the other two options;
2. I can do whatever I want and sit wherever I like at home while to study in a library or a café has to obey some public rules;
3. Home is the only real private place where I can study by myself since the other two venues are in public, which means it may distract my attraction to focus on my study;
4. It’s the most cost-saving way.
B. in a library
SD: 1. I can be positively influenced by people who study in the library, so that my study efficiency can be increased, while to study at home will be too comfortable for me to be concentrated on study;
2. It can help me with my information searching more efficiently since the library owns a wide range of book resources;
3.I can easily discuss with some study mates about academic questions when I am preparing for the test;
4. Library is quieter than café and has more restrictions than at home since it’s in public, which can make myself more disciplined to be concentrated on my exam preparation.
C. in a café (coffee shop)
SD: 1.I can take a rest with a cup of coffee and a piece of cake when I am tired of study in the café;
2. The environment in the café is nicer than in the library and has more restrictions than at home, which definitely provides the best place for me to study with higher efficiency;
Task 2 Independent Speaking
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Children can not learn any valuable thing from playing video games.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.
解析：
Agree:
SD: 1. Most video games are just for fun to children, so that children will be addicted to playing without thinking about the time, which will negatively influence their health;
2. Some video games may involve violence and pornography, which may lead to sense of aggression or even crime for children.
3. It may isolate children from others since children will be addicted to play and immersed in the virtual world for a long time, which will lead to lack of communication with people around them, and even their character will be negatively influenced.
Disagree:
SD: 1. Children can exploit their IQ when playing the video games;
2.Some multiplayers can help children to build up awareness of collaboration;
3. Some video games are educational for children to improve their language abilities or history knowledge;
4. It’s a good way for children to get rid of stress from study, which will let them study more efficiently.
Task 3 Integrated Speaking
阅读：【学校通知】career fair希望优先帮助高年级同学。听力：学生不同意
1. 低年级的同学也需要 part-time job。
2. 低年级的同学也需要改简历。
Task 4 Integrated Speaking Task
阅读【术语解释】成人大脑也可以得到开发，细胞得到增强；
听力【教授举例】以一个针对伦敦的司机四年的项目为例，训练他们记路并反复重复，项目结束后再扫描大脑确实得到增强。
Task 5 Integrated Speaking Task
听力【对话】
【问题】
女孩说要熬夜写历史作业但是答应了朋友的姐姐和她住一个屋。
【解决方案】
方案1&2：可以去楼下学习室写但是她想在屋里放音乐写，问给个建议。
Task 6 Integrated Speaking Task
只吃一种食物的动物的2种adaptation：
第一种是减少活动，减少energy的消耗，比如考拉吃完会睡一天；
第二种是避免poisoness，feel sick的时候会不再吃，例子也是考拉。
回忆18：
听力
A卷
Conversation 1
老师建议学生发表论文。
Lecture 1
印象派。
Lecture 2
academic art.
Conversation 2
学生东西掉了找老师寻求帮助。
Lecture 3
超导体材料，说电线copper太损耗又说了其他运用。
Lecture 4
蜘蛛吐丝与捕食的故事。
B卷
Conversation 1
去艺术博物馆回来之后的课堂反馈，女生不理解为啥车子也在艺术展览馆里出现。
Lecture 1
一个婴儿哭闹等举动表达的意思。
Lecture 2
不依靠agriculture而靠fishing的文明能不能存续。
Conversation 2
自己马上就要上自己的公开课了，他打算把同学分成几个小组讨论数学问题，导员就建议他要把成绩好成绩差的学生分匀称，防止每个组的水平不均，第二个是一定要兼顾到每个组，不能只看一个组看到下课。
Lecture 3
蚂蚁的下颌，帮它们起跳、保护nest什么的。
Lecture 4
museum为什么要展览汽车，提到跟cloth，sculpture的类别，最后还问了fresco的问题。
回忆19：
阅读
A卷
Passage 1
苏美尔文明。
Passage 2
青蛙被病菌感染大量死亡。
Passage 3
Venus的温室效应。
B卷
Passage 1
考古文化，通过建筑等一些physical material来做考古。
Passage 2
人类对味觉重量差别的感知。
Passage 3
美国城市建设。
C卷
Passage 1
鸟类缺磷蛋壳薄。
Passage 2
猿类使用工具。
Passage 3
论欧洲北美建筑异同。
D卷
Passage 1
冰层的起源。
Passage 2
titan
Passage 3
侏罗纪。
E卷
Passage 1
美国交通工具的演变，一开始城市很小，所以步行，后来有了马车，再后来是蒸汽车……
Passage 2
植物入侵成功的一些条件
Passage 3
暂时缺失
回忆20：
2019年5月4日托福考试总体反馈-2019年5月4日托福命中ABCDE卷多篇阅读真题原题（大量阅读旧题），命中独立和综合大作文真题原题（都是旧题），命中听力、口语各四到五部分，听力仍然较难，CPU资料阅读、写作、听力、口语等全面大中，全面开花！5月4日的托福考试，依然是几套试卷组合，这种模式会一直持续下去。今年托福考试几大特点：（1）听力、口语、写作、阅读老题重复量巨大。（3）在大部分考试中，写作听力一直是四项难度最大，并且对话难度超过讲座）（4）阅读、独立和综合写作重复老题，是我们TOEFL CPU资料里面的。5月4日托福考试大部分题目都在我们CPU资料原题命中！祝贺CPU会员将出现不少100-110分以上托福天才！本次考试听力阅读里大多是老题，仍然大量重复2015-2018年的老题，尤其是我们CPU托福资料的真题。今天口语和写作也是老题居多。ETS今年虽然在考试形式上变化很多，但其实使用的新题非常少，大都是在重复2014-2018年大陆考过的新题。这一方面说明，ETS出题成本太高（80万美金一套），所以出题量小。另一方面说明，托福考试的整体趋势还是稳定的。形式上的变化（多套试卷，阅读加试，听力非经典加试），并不能改变这个考试的内在。今天听力，口语，阅读和写作都重复老题。总体反馈请复制链接进入http://bbs.ieltstofelglobal.com/thread-244304-1-1.html 特别提醒：托福考试几十多年来，有非常严格的规律性和出题思路。全世界有6到10个托福大考区，而只有一个美国托福考试中心几个人在出题，每个考区每个月要出2-4份考卷，一个月出12-24份考卷，考官如何保证达到难度一样呢，如何保证新题难度、准确度和评价机制公平呢，所以只能是几十年来托福真题题库旧题目的有效组合，新题不能超出10%。事实上每份托福真题卷子都是80%-90%以上旧题原题真题。近年来，阅读几套卷里大多是老题，ETS今年虽然在考试形式上变化很多，但其实使用的新题非常少，大都是在重复2014-2018年大陆考过的老题。这一方面说明，ETS出题成本太高（80万美金一套），所以出新题量小。另一方面说明，托福考试的整体趋势还是稳定的。形式上的变化（多套试卷，阅读加试，听力非经典加试），并不能改变这个考试的内在。除了阅读之外，听力，口语和写作都大部分是重复老题。多年托福考官和专家Edward老师非常熟悉托福出题规律和听说读写题库出题组合卷子的秘诀， CPU资料因此而诞生！具体请阅读http://bbs.ieltstofelglobal.com/thread-231387-1-1.html 
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发表于 2019-5-6 19:32:43
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