阅读
Passage1介绍甜甜圈(doughnut)
1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE
4. NOTGIVEN
5. FALSE
6. FALSE
7. FALSE
8. prejudice
9. 待回忆
10. bagel
11. recipe
12. 待回忆
13. book
Passage2 Leaf-Cutting Ants and Fungus
原文：
A
The antsand their agriculture have been extensively studied over the years, but therecent research has uncovered intriguing new findings about the fungus they cultivate,how they domesticated it and how they cultivate it and preserve it frompathogens. For example, the fungus farms, which the ants were thought to keepfree of pathogens, turn out to be vulnerable to a devastating mold, foundnowhere else but in ants’ nests. To keep the mold in check, the ants long agomade a discovery that would do credit to any pharmaceutical laboratory.
B
Leaf-cuttingants and their fungus farms are a marvel of nature and perhaps the best knownexample of symbiosis, the mutual dependence of two species. The ants’achievement is remarkable — the biologist Edward O. Wilson has called it ‘oneof the major breakthroughs in animal evolution’ — because it allows them toeat, courtesy of their mushroom’s digestive powers, the otherwise poisonedharvest of tropical forests whose leaves are laden with terpenoids, alkaloidsand other chemicals designed to sicken browsers.
C
Fungusgrowing seems to have originated only once in evolution, because all gardeningants belong to a single tribe, the descendants of the first fungus farmer.There are more than 200 known species of the attine ant tribe, divided into 12groups, or genera. The leaf-cutters use fresh vegetation; the other groups,known as the lower attines because their nests are smaller and their techniquesmore primitive, feed their gardens with detritus like dead leaves, insects andfeces.
D
The leaf-cutters' fungus was indeed descended from a single strain, propagatedclonally, or just by budding, for at least 23 million years. But the lowerattine ants used different varieties of the fungus, and in one case a quiteseparate species, the four biologists discovered. The pure strain of fungusgrown by the leaf-cutters, it seemed to Mr. Currie, resembled the monoculturesof various human crops, that are very productive for a while and then succumbto some disastrous pathogen, such as the Irish potato blight. Monocultures,which lack the genetic diversity to respond to changing environmental threats,are sitting ducks for parasites. Mr. Currie felt there had to be a parasite inthe ant-fungus system. But a century of ant research offered no support for theidea. Textbooks describe how leaf-cutter ants scrupulously weed their gardensof all foreign organisms. People kept telling me, ‘You know the ants keep theirgardens free of parasites, don’t you?’ Mr. Currie said of his efforts to find ahidden interloper.
E
Butafter three years of sifting through attine ant gardens, Mr. Currie discoveredthey are far from free of infections. In last month’s issue of the Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences, he and two colleagues, Dr. Mueller andDavid Mairoch, isolated several alien organisms, particularly a family ofparasitic molds called Escovopsis.
F
Escovopsisturns out to be a highly virulent pathogen that can devastate a fungus gardenin a couple of days. It blooms like a white cloud, with the garden dimlyvisible underneath. In a day or two the whole garden is enveloped. ‘Other antswon’t go near it and the ants associated with the garden just starve to death,’Dr. Rehner said. ‘They just seem to give up, except for those that have rescuedtheir larvae.’ The deadly mold then turns greenish-brown as it enters itsspore-forming stage.
G
Evidently the ants usually manage to keep Escovopsis and other parasites under control.But with any lapse in control, or if the ants are removed, Escovopsis willquickly burst forth. Although new leaf-cutter gardens start off free ofEscovopsis, within two years some 60 percent become infected. The discovery ofEscovopsis’s role brings a new level of understanding to the evolution of theattine ants. ‘In the last decade, evolutionary biologists have beenincreasingly aware of the role of parasites as driving forces in evolution, ’Dr. Schultz said. There is now a possible reason to explain why the lowerattine species keep changing the variety of fungus in their mushroom gardens,and occasionally domesticating new ones — to stay one step ahead of the relentlessEscovopsis.
H
Interestingly,Mr. Currie found that the leaf-cutters had in general fewer alien molds intheir gardens than the lower attines, yet they had more Escovopsis infections.It seems that the price they pay for cultivating a pure variety of fungus is ahigher risk from Escovopsis. But the leaf-cutters may have little alternative:they cultivate a special variety of fungus which, unlike those grown by thelower attines, produces nutritious swollen tips for the ants to eat.
I
Discoveryof a third partner in the ant-fungus symbiosis raises the question of how theattine ants, especially the leaf-cutters, keep this dangerous interloper undercontrol. Amazingly enough, Mr. Currie has again provided the answer. ‘Peoplehave known for a hundred years that ants have a whitish growth on the cuticle,’ said Dr. Mueller, referring to the insects’ body surface. ‘People would saythis is like a cuticular wax. But Cameron was the first one in a hundred yearsto put these things under a microscope. He saw it was not inert wax. It isalive.’ Mr. Currie discovered a specialized patch on the ants’ cuticle thatharbors a particular kind of bacterium, one well known to the pharmaceuticalindustry, because it is the source of half the antibiotics used in medicine.From each of 22 species of attine ant studied, Mr. Cameron and colleaguesisolated a species of Streptomyces bacterium, they reported in Nature in April.The Streptomyces does not have much effect on ordinary laboratory funguses. Butit is a potent poisoner of Escovopsis, inhibiting its growth and suppressingspore formation. It also stimulates growth of the ants’ mushroom fungus. Thebacterium is carried by virgin queens when they leave to establish new nests,but is not found on male ants, playboys who take no responsibility innest-making or gardening.
J
Because both the leaf-cutters and the lower attines use Streptomyces, the bacterium mayhave been part of their symbiosis for almost as long as the Escovopsis mold. Ifso, some Alexander Fleming of an ant discovered antibiotics millions of yearsbefore people did. Even now, the ants are accomplishing two feats beyond thepowers of human technology. The leaf-cutters are growing a monocultural cropyear after year without disaster, and they are using an antibiotic apparentlyso wisely and prudently that, unlike people, they are not provoking antibioticresistance in the target pathogen.
Questions 14-19
Use the information in the passage to matchthe options (listed A-C) with activities or features of ants below.
Write the appropriate letters A-C inboxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more thanonce
A Leaf-cutting ants
B Lower attines
C Both
14 Build small nests and live withdifferent foreign fungus.
15 Use toxic leaves to feed fungus。
16 Raise fungus which don’t live withother foreigners.
17 Use substances to fight againstmeconopsis.
18 Use dead vegetable to feed fungus.
19 Are free of parasites explainedpreviously.
Questions 20-24
The Reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J.
Which paragraph contains the followinginformation?
Write the correct letter A-J, in boxes 20-24 onyour answer sheet.
20 Dangerous outcome of Escovopsis.
21 Disadvantage of growing singlefungus.
22 Comparison of features of twodifferent nests.
23 Two achievements made by antsearlier than human.
24 Advantage of growing new breed offungus.
Questions 25-26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 25-26 onyour answer sheet.
25 How does author think of Curriesopinion?
A his viewpoint was verified later.
B earlier study has sufficient evidence.
C no details mentioned in article.
D his opinion was proved to be wrong.
26 What did scientists find on the skinof ants under microscope?
A some white cloud mold embed in their skin
B that Wax is all over their skin.
C a substance which is useful to humans.
D a substance which suppresses growth offungus.
题目详解
Questions14-19
14. 利用题目细节信息“ toxic leaves” 和“ feed fungus” 定位于原文段落 B 末句“ because it allows them to eat, courtesy oftheir mushroom’s digestive powers, the otherwise poi-soned harvest of tropicalforests whose leaves are laden with terpenoids, alkaloids and other chemicals designed to sickenbrowsers”。 这道题的难点在于找到题目中“ feed fungus”所 对 应 的 原 文。 文 中 说 到“ the otherwise poisoned harvest oftropical forests whose leaves are laden with terpenoids, alkaloids and other chemicalsdesigned to sicken browsers”， 既然热带雨林中的叶子有毒， 切叶蚁为什么还要收集而且不会中毒呢? 那是因为真菌的消化作用(mushroom’sdigestive powers) 。 此外， 文章 C 段还提到“ The leaf-cutters use fresh vegetation(切叶蚁使用新鲜的植被养活自己的真菌园) ”， 所以切叶蚁收集有毒的树叶是为了饲养真菌。因此， 正确答案为 A。
15. 利用题目细节信息“ small nests”、“ different” 和“ foreign” 定位于原文 C 段第 3 句与 D 段第 2 句。 C 段第 3 句“ the othergroups, known as the lower attines because their
nests are smaller and their techniques moreprimitive”， 这里讲的是“ 它们的巢较小且种植技术更原始，被称为 lower attines”。 原文中的 “ nests are smaller”对应题目中的 “ small nests”。 但本段未出现题目中的后半部分信息，需要接着往下看。 D 段第 2 句“ But the lower attine ants used different varieties of the fungus”， 这里说“ lower attine 蚂蚁使用不同种类的真菌”。 原文中的 “ different varieties of the fungus”对应题目中的 “ different foreign fungus”。结合原文内容， 此处讲的都是 lower attines， 因此正确答案为 B。
16. 利用题目细节信息“ dead vegetation” 定位于原文 C 段第 3 句“ known as the lower attines because their nests are smaller and their techniques moreprimitive, feed their gardens with detritus like dead leaves, insects and feces”。 这句话讲到“ 它们用枯叶、昆虫和粪便的碎屑来养活自己的园子”。 原文中的“ dead leaves” 与题目中的“ dead vegetation” 为同义替换， 所对应的是 lower attines。 因此， 正确答案为 B。
17. 利用题目细节信息“ a single fungus” 定位于 D 段首句“ The leaf-cutters’ fungus was indeed descended from a single strain, propagated clonally, or justby budding, for at least 23 million years.” 这里说“ 切叶蚁所种的菌种是单一菌株”， 而不像 lower attine ants那样 used different varieties of the fungus。 因此， 正确答案为 A。
18. 利 用 顺 序 原 则 定 位 于 原 文 E 段第 3 句“ Escovopsis turns out to be a highly virulent pathogen...” 和 F 段首 句“ Evidently the ants usually manage to keep Escovopsis and other parasites under control.” 这说明蚂蚁通常能够控制住 Escovopsis 这种高危险的寄生物， 这与题目相对应。 此外， H 段首句提到“ Discovery of a third partner in the antfungus symbiosis raises thequestion of how the attine ants, especially the leaf-cutters, keep this dangerous interloper undercontrol.” 这说明“ 果蚁， 尤其是切叶蚁能有效控制这种寄生物”， 对应 leaf-cutters。 因此， 正确答案为 A。
19. 利 用 顺 序 原 则 先 定 位 于 原 文 F 段， 该段 后 半 部 分 提 到“ lower attine species keep changing the variety of fungus intheir mushroom gardens, and occasionally domesticating new ones — to stay one step aheadof the relentless Escovopsis”。 这说明低等果蚁不断改变蘑菇园中的真菌品种， 偶尔还培育新的真菌品种，目的是为了在和无情的 Escovopsis 霉菌的对抗中占据上风。 然后再定位到原文 H 段首句“ Discoveryof a third partner inthe ant-fungus symbiosis raises the question of how the attine ants, especiallythe leaf-cutters,keep this dangerous interloper under control.” 这说明切叶蚁也能够通过“ 第三方” 来对抗 Escovopsis 霉菌。 因此， 这两种类型的蚂蚁都有自己的“ special strategies” 可以“ fight against Escovopsis”， 与题目相对应， 故正确答案为 C。
Questions20-24
20. 该信息出现在原文 E 段第 3 句“ Escovopsis turns out to be a highly virulent pathogen that can devastate a fungus gardenin a couple of days.” 这里讲到“ Escovopsis 霉菌是剧毒性病原体，它可以在几天之内毁灭一个真菌园”。 原文中的“ turns out to be” 表示“ 结
果”， 对应题目中的“ outcome”， 文中“ devastate a fungus garden in acouple of days”与题目中的“Dangerous outcome of Escovopsis” 相对应。 因此， 正确答案为 E。
21. 该信息出现在原文 D 段第 5 句话“ Monocultures, which lack the genetic diversity to respond to changing environmentalthreats, are sitting ducks for parasites.” 这里讲到“ 单一栽培往往因为缺乏基因的多样性来应对不断变化的环境威胁， 从而容易成为寄生虫攻击的目标”， 对应题目中的“ Risk of growing single fungus(单一种植的风险)”。
因此， 正确答案为 D。
22. 该信息出现在原文 C 段第 3 句“ The leaf-cutters use fresh vegetation; the other groups,known asthe lower attines because their nests are smaller and their techniques moreprimitive, feed their gardens with detritus like dead leaves, insects andfeces.” 这里提及“leafcutters” 使用新鲜的植被养活自己的园子， 而后面紧接着对比说到“ lower attines” 由于巢穴较小， 技术也更加原始， 因此使用枯叶、 昆虫和粪便等碎屑来养活自己的园子，前后两者对比，正好与题目相对应。 因此， 正确答案为 C。
23. 该信息出现在原文 H 段倒数第 2、 3 句“ If so, someAlexander Fleming of an ant discovered antibiotics millions of years beforepeople did. Even now, the ants are accomplishing two feats beyond the powers ofhuman technology.” 原文讲到蚂蚁先于人类发现抗生素，并且即使到现在， 蚂蚁仍然有两项成果超越人类。原文中的“ two feats” 与题目中的 “ two achievements”为同义替换，而 “ millions of years beforepeople did”和 “ beyond the powers of human technology” 与题目中的“ earlier than human” 相对应。 因此， 正确答案为 H。
24. 该信息出现在原文 F 段末句“ ...and occasionally domesticatingnew ones — to stay one step ahead of the relentless Escovopsis”。 这里提到“ 培育新的真菌品种是为了在和无情的 Escovopsis 霉菌的对抗中占据上风”。 原文中的“ domesticating new ones” 与题目中的“ growing a new breed of fungus” 为同义替换，其中“ ones” 指代的是原文前面提到的“ fungus”。 因此， 正确答案为 F。
Questions25-26
解 答
25. 该信息出现在原文 D 段与 E 段，首先， 看到 D 段“ Mr. Curriefelt there had to be a parasite in the ant-fungus system. But a century of ant researchoffered no support for the idea.” 这里提到“ 柯里先生认为在蚂蚁与真菌的体系中一定有寄生虫存在。 但是这个想法在过去一个世纪对蚂蚁的研究中并未得到任何证据支持”。 但 E 段接着写道 “ In lastmonth’s issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, he andtwo colleagues, Dr. Mueller and David Mairoch, isolated several alienorganisms, particularly a family of parasitic molds called Escovopsis.” 这里说的是“ 柯里先生与他的同事分离出了几个外来生物的菌种， 特别是一种叫作 Escovopsis 的寄生霉菌族”。 这就说明Currie 之前的猜想得到了证实， 选项 A(他的观点后来得到了证实) 符合原文内容。
因此， 正确答案为 A。
26. 利用题目细节信息“ under microscope” 定位于原文 H 段“ People would say this is like a cuticular wax. But Cameronwas the first one in a hundred years to put these things under a microscope. He saw it wasnot inert wax. It is alive.” 这里提到“ 卡梅隆把这些东西放在显微镜下观察，发现蚂蚁表皮上的不是惰性蜡，而是活性的”。 紧接又提到“ Mr.Currie discovered a specialised patch on the ants’ cuticle thatharbours a particular kind of bacterium, one well known to the pharmaceutical industry, because itis the source of half the antibiotics used in medicine.” 这说明“ 蚂蚁的表皮有一种特殊的斑点， 其中隐藏着一种特殊的细菌。 这种细菌对于制药行业来说是非常有名的，因为医学上使用的抗生素多半来源于此”。 选项 A“ 一些白色的云状霉菌嵌在它们的表皮上”， 但原文中并没有说是“ white cloud mold”，因此排除选项 A。 选项 B“ 蜡遍布在它们的皮肤上”，但原文中仅仅说的是“ He saw it was not inertwax. It is alive.(表皮上的不是惰性蜡，而是活性的。)” 因此排除 B 选项。 D 选项“ 一种能够抑制所有真菌生长的物质” 在文中没有提及，因此排除 D选项。 选项 C“ 一种对人类有用的物质”，题目中的“ useful to humans” 与原文中的“ one well known to thepharmaceutical industry” 相对应。 因此，正确答案为 C。
答案：
14.A 15.B 16.B 17.A 18.A 19.C 20.E
21.D 22.C 23.H 24.F 25.A 26.C
Passage3 飓风（hurricane）
27. iii
28. ii
29. viii
30. vii
31. vi
32. iv
33. ix
34. thunderstroms
35. condensation
36. heat
37. eye3
8. land
39. B
40. C
阅读
Passage1主题：甜甜圈
题型：7道判断题+6道填空题
判断题
1. False.题目：Dutch oily cake shaped like ring. 文章中说了一开始不是指环的形状，所以选错。
2. True.题目：一个船长的妈妈给他们做甜甜圈是为了健康。文章中说是为了减少疾病，所以选对。
3. False.题目：这个船长否定自己发明了指环状的甜甜圈。文章中有各种谣言在讨论指环状的甜甜圈怎么发明出来的，最后船长出来澄清说自己是用…的方法发明了指环状的甜甜圈，所以没有否定他发明了这个形状，所以选错。
4. Notgiven. 题目：第一次世界大战的女志愿者用饮料搭配甜甜圈。文章中说的是这些志愿者用咖啡壶做出来的甜甜圈的形状，具体有没有用咖啡或者别的饮料配甜甜圈一起吃没说，所以不知道，选未提及。
5. False.题目：doughboy是在第一次世界大战中发明的。文章说是在美国内战发明的，所以不对。
6. Notgiven. 题目：一个人用机器改善了甜甜圈的口味。文章中说这个机器做甜甜圈更高效了，但是没说是否改善了味道，所以不知道，选未提及。
7. False. 题目：待回忆。
填空题
8. prejudice 某个人的甜甜圈机器减弱了大家对甜甜圈的偏见。
9. messages 甜甜圈里有一些激励人的信息。 messages to cheer people up
10. recipe 一个法国人把他的甜甜圈配方和公司都卖了。
11. bagel 贝果开始跟甜甜圈竞争。
12. musical 描述了一个一边吃甜甜圈一边陷入爱情的男人的故事。
13. book 一本很有受欢迎的书里，一个甜甜圈机器发狂了。
Passage2主题：Attine ants
题型：6道信息匹配题+5道特殊词匹配题+2道单选题
信息匹配题
14. H 两个切叶蚁可以做到但是人类无法做到的事情。
15. C 对比leaf-cut ants切叶蚁和lower attine ants的巢穴。
16. B 切叶蚁对周围环境的影响。
17. D attineants所培养的真菌的年龄。
18. F 某种疾病对切叶蚁群体的影响。
19. G lowerattine ants培养多种真菌的好处。
特殊词匹配题
这道题列出了5个蚂蚁的特点，选项分别是：
A.leaf-cut ants
B. lowerattine ants
C. bothleaf-cut ants and lower attine ants
题目要求我们选出列出的5个特点是哪一种蚂蚁的特点，如果是leaf-cut ants的特点选A，如果是lower attine ants的特点选B，如果是两种蚂蚁都有的特点选C
20. B 利用dead vegetation来养真菌。只有lower attine ants有这个特点，因为文中说的是他们会利用地上的落叶来养真菌。
21. A verysmall ants that can prevent alien organisms体型很小的蚂蚁可以阻止外来有机体在真菌群里繁殖。
22. C 可以安全的利用有害的植物。文中说到leaf-cut ants可以用有毒的植物来饲养真菌，lower attine ants和leaf-cut ants利用的是相似的植物，所以他俩都有这个特点，所以选C。
23. A 只培养一种真菌。
24. A 蚁穴理由很多房间来饲养真菌。
单选题
25. C作者对某个人（E段）提出的观点表达了什么？答案：一开始没证据支持他的观点。
26. D某位科学家在蚂蚁身上发现了什么？答案：一种对人类有用的物质。
Passage3主题：飓风 Can hurricanes be moderated or diverted?
题型：7道标题题+5道填空题+2道单选题
标题题
27. iii ，Are hurricanes unbeatable? 飓风真的不可打败吗？
28. 飓风是如何形成的？
29. backto early ideas
30. 利用电脑/科技进行演习(exercise) –methodology
31. howlives could be saved
32. 利用未来科技的可能性
33. 一些非高端技术解决方案
填空题
34. thunderstorms 雷暴
35. condensation 冷凝
36. heat
37. ‘eye’
38. land
单选题
39. 为什么这个研究者开始研究如何控制飓风？
答案：因为科学技术的发展导致有研究的可能了，所以开始研究。
40. 研究者最终对他们第一个实验有什么感受？
答案：很惊讶他们的实验居然实现了一开始的预期。
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