A
A facial expression is one or more motionsor positions of the muscles in the skin. These movements convey the emotionalstate of the individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form ofnonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying socialinformation among aliens, but also occur in most other mammals ( 哺乳动物) and some other animal species.Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, to some extent,vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the works of Charles Darwin.
B
Humans can adopt a facial expression toread as a voluntary action. However, cause expressions are closely tied toemotion, they are more often involuntary ( 不知不觉的). It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions,even when it would be strongly desirable to do so; a person who is trying toavoid insulting an individual he or she finds highly unattractive
might , nevertheless, show a briefexpression of disgust before being able to reassume a neutral expression.Microexpressions( 微表情)are one example of this phenomenon. The close link between emotionand expression can also work in the other direction; it has been observed thatvoluntarily assuming an expression can actually cause the associated emotion.
C
Some expressions can be accuratelyinterpreted even between members of different species- anger and extremecontentment ( 满足， 满意) being the primary examples . Others , however, are difficult tointerpret even in familiar individuals. For instance, disgust and fear can betough to tell apart. Because faces have only a limited range of movement,expressions rely upon fairly minuscule differences in the proportion andrelative position of facial features, and reading them requires considerablesensitivity to same. Some faces are often falsely read as expressing someemotion, even when they are neutral, because their proportions naturallyresemble those another face would temporarily assume.
D
Also, a person 1s eyes reveal much abouthow they are feeling, or what they are thinking. Blink rate( 眨眼率)can reveal how nervous or atease a person may be. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggeststhat stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He- supports his data withstatistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential candidatesand their success in their races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in thepresidential debates has lost every election since 1980. Though Tecce 1 s datais interesting, it is important to recognize that non-verbal communication ismulti-channeled, and focusing on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness canalso be measured by examining each candidates’ perspiration, eye contact and stiffness.
E
As Charles Darwin noted in his book TheExpression of the Emotions in Man and Animals:the young and the old of widelydifferent races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind bythe same movements. Still, up to the mid—20th century most anthropologists ( 人类学家）believed that facial expressions were entirely learned and couldtherefore differ among cultures. Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekmaneventually supported Darwin’s belief to a large degree.
F
Ekman’s work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work of psychologistSilvan Tomkins. Ekman showed that contrary to the belief of someanthropologists including Margaret Mead, facial expressions of emotion are notculturally determined, but universal across human cultures. The South Forepeople of New Guinea were chosen as subjects for one such survey. The studyconsisted of 189 adults and 130 children from among a very isolated population,as well as twenty three members of the culture who lived a less isolatedlifestyle as a control group. Participants were told a story that described oneparticular emotion; they were then shown three pictures (two for children) offacial expressions and asked to match the picture which expressed the story’s emotion.
G
While the isolated South Fore people couldidentify emotions with the same accuracy as the non-isolated control group,problems associated with the study include the fact that both fear and surprisewere constantly misidentified. The study concluded that certain facialexpressions correspond to particular emotions and can not be covered,regardless of cultural background, and
regardless of whether or not the culturehas been isolated or exposed to the mainstream.
H
Expressions Ekman found to be universalincluded those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise(note that none of these emotions has a definitive social component, such asshame, pride, or schadenfreude). Findings on contempt (which is social) areless clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that thisemotion and its expression are universally
recognized. This may suggest that the facialexpressions are largely related to the mind and each parts on the face canexpress specific emotion.
Questions 28-32 .............................................................................
Summary
Complete the Summary paragraph described below. In boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet, write the correct answer with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
The result of Ekman’s study demonstrates that fear and surprise are persistently 28 and made a conclusion that some facial expressions have something to do with certain 29 which is impossible covered, despite of 29 and whether the culture has been 30 or 31 to the mainstream.
Questions 33-38 .............................................................................
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter J-J^ in boxes 34-38 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
33 the difficulty identifying the actual meaning of facial expressions
34 the importance of culture on facial expressions
35 collected data for the research on the relation between blink and the success in elections
36 impossible to differentiate some closely related expressions
37 an indicator to reflect one’s extent of nervousness
38 the relation between emotion and facial expressions
Questions 39-40 .............................................................................
Choose two letters from the A-E
Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet.
Which Two of the following statements are true according to Ekman’s theory?
A No evidence shows animals have their own facial expressions.
B Mind controls man’s facial expressions.
C Facial expressions are concerning different cultures.
D Different spots on face convey certain state of mind.
E The definite relationship between facial expressions and state of mind exists
参考答案
28 misidentified
【原文参考依据-G段】While the isolated South Forepeople could identify emotions with the sme accuracy as the non-isolatedcontrol group, problems associated with the study include the fact that bothfear and surprise were constantly misidentifield. The study concluded thatcertain facial expressions correspond to particular emostions and can not beconvered, regardless ofcultural backgroud, and regardless of wether or not theculture has beenisolated or exposed to the mainstream.
29 emotions
【原文参考依据-G段】While the isolated South Forepeople could identify emotions with the sme accuracy as the non-isolatedcontrol group, problems associated with the study include the fact that bothfear and surprise were constantly misidentifield. The study concluded thatcertain facial expressions correspond to particular emostions and can not beconvered, regardless ofcultural backgroud, and regardless of wether or not theculture has beenisolated or exposed to the mainstream.
30 cultural background
【原文参考依据-G段】While the isolated South Forepeople could identify emotions with the sme accuracy as the non-isolatedcontrol group, problems associated with the study include the fact that bothfear and surprise were constantly misidentifield. The study concluded thatcertain facial expressions correspond to particular emostions and can not beconvered, regardless ofcultural backgroud, and regardless of wether or not theculture has beenisolated or exposed to the mainstream.
31 isolated
【原文参考依据-G段】While the isolated South Forepeople could identify emotions with the sme accuracy as the non-isolatedcontrol group, problems associated with the study include the fact that bothfear and surprise were constantly misidentifield. The study concluded thatcertain facial expressions correspond to particular emostions and can not beconvered, regardless ofcultural backgroud, and regardless of wether or not theculture has beenisolated or exposed to the mainstream.
32 exposed
【原文参考依据-G段】While the isolated South Forepeople could identify emotions with the sme accuracy as the non-isolatedcontrol group, problems associated with the study include the fact that bothfear and surprise were constantly misidentifield. The study concluded thatcertain facial expressions correspond to particular emostions and can not beconvered, regardless ofcultural backgroud, and regardless of wether or not theculture has beenisolated or exposed to the mainstream.
33 C
【原文参考依据-C段第二句】Others, however, are difficultto interpret even in familiar individuals
【原文参考依据-C段末句】Some faces are often falselyread as expressing some emotion, even when they are neutral, because theirproportions naturally resemble those another face would temporarily assume whenemoting.
C段第2句话，以及C段最后一句话，都在讲精确地分辨每个表情有多难，最后一句话翻译如下：有的面部表情会被错误地解读为某种情感的宣泄，即使它们没有任何倾向性，因为这些表情形成的面部部位的比例和其他表达某些情感时的比例很像。
34. A
【原文参考依据-A段末尾】Facial expressions are a form fononverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social informationamong aliens, but also occur in most other mammals and some other animalspecies. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, tosome extent, vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the worksof Charles Darwin.
虽然E段也有提到文化的重要性，但是不是“initially”。此题题目已做修改。
35 D
【原文参考依据-D段】Research by Boston Collegeprofessor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. Hesupports his datawith statistics on the relation between the blink rates ofpresidential cnadidates and their success in their races. Tecce claims that thefaster blinker in the presidential debates has lost every election since 1980.
定位词“blink，elections”，可以很容易地定位到D段。
36.H
题目为：thesociality of several facial expressions
【原文参考依据-H段首句】Expressions Ekman found to beuniversal included those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy sadness, andsurprise(note that none of these emotions has a definitive social component,such as shame, pride, or schadenfreude).
H段前几行列了若干不带社会成分的情感表达，之后又提了带社会成分的情感表达“contempt”。
37 D
【原文参考依据-D段第二句】Blink rate can reveal hownervous or at ease a person may be.”
38 B
【原文参考依据-B段第二句】However, because expressionsare closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary.
39-40 BD
【原文参考依据-H段末句】This may suggest that the facialexpressions are largely related to the mind and each parts on the face canexpress specific emotion.
H段最后一句 这句话的翻译为：这可能说明面部表情在很大程度上是和想法密切相关的，并且在脸上的每个部位都表达特定的某种情感。因此选BD，
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