回忆1：
小作文两个饼图
大作文双边讨论 人们越来越独立还是依赖
回忆2：
小作文是两张圆饼图。
大作文是individuals are more dependent on each other or more independent of each other（discuss and your own opinion）
回忆3：
阅读：木乃伊的保存，微生物的应用，音乐相关理论music- language we all speak
回忆4：
小作文：饼状图
大作文：讨论双方观点
Some people think individuals are more and more dependent on each other. Others believe we are more and more independent. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
回忆5：
雅思阅读部分
第一篇：木乃伊保存
第二篇：生物应用
第三篇：Music: Language We All Speak（音乐通用语言）
原文：
A
Music isone of the human specie’s relatively few universal abilities.Without formaltraining, any individual, from Stone Age tribesman to suburban teenager has theability to recognize music and, in some fashion, to make it. Why this should beso is a mystery. After all, music isn’t necessary for getting through the day,and if it aids in reproduction, it does so only in highly indirect ways.Language, by contrast, is also everywhere- but for reasons that are moreobvious. With language, you and the members of your tribe can organize amigration across Africa, build reed boats and cross the seas, and communicateat night even when you can’t see each other. Modern culture, in all itstechnological extravagance, springs directly from the human talent for manipulatingsymbols and syntax. Scientists have always been intrigued by the connectionbetween music and language. Yet over the years, words and melody have acquireda vastly different status in the lab and the seminar room. While language haslong been considered essential to unlocking the mechanisms of humanintelligence, music is generally treated as an evolutionary frippery-mere“auditory cheesecake,” as the Harvard cognitive scientist Steven Pinker putsit.
B
But thanks to a decade-long waveof neuroscience research, that tune is changing. A flurry of recentpublications suggests that language and music may equally be able to tell uswho we are and where we’re from-not just emotionally, but biologically. InJuly, the journal Nature Neuroscience devoted a special issue to the topic. Andin an article in the August 6 issue of the Journal of Neuroscience, DavidSchwartz, Catherine Howe, and Dale Purves of Duke University argued that thesounds of music and the sounds of language are intricately connected.
To grasp the originality of this idea, it’s necessary to realize two thingsabout how music has traditionally been understood. First, musicologists havelong emphasized that while each culture stamps a special identity onto itsmusic; music itself has some universal qualities. For example, in
virtually all cultures sound is divided into some or all of the 12 intervalsthat make up the chromatic scale-that is, the scale represented by the keys ona piano. For centuries, observers have attributed this preference for certaincombinations of tones to the mathematical properties of sound itself. Some2,500 years ago, Pythagoras was the first to note a direct relationship betweenthe harmoniousness of a tone combination and the physical dimensions of theobject that produced it. For example, a plucked string will always play anoctave lower than a similar string half its size, and a fifth lower than asimilar string two-thirds its length. This link between simple ratios andharmony has influenced music theory ever since.
C
This music-is-moth idea isoften accompanied by the notion that music formally speaking at least, existsapart from the world in which it was created. Writing recently in The New YorkReview of Books, pianist and critic Charles Rosen discussed the long-standingnotion that while painting and sculpture reproduce at least some aspects of thenatural world, and writing describes thoughts and feelings we are all familiarwith, music is entirely abstracted from the world in which we live. Neitheridea is right, according to David Schwartz and his colleagues. Human musicalpreferences are fundamentally shaped not by elegant algorithms or ratios but bythe messy sounds of real life, and of speech in particular -which in turn isshaped by our evolutionary heritage.”The explanation of music, like theexplanation of any product of the mind, must be rooted in biology, not innumbers per se,”says Schwartz. Schwartz, Howe, and Purves analyzed a vastselection of speech sounds from a variety of languages to reveal the underlyingpatterns common to all utterances. In order to focus only on the raw sound,they discarded all theories about speech and meaning and sliced sentences intorandom bites. Using a database of over 100,000 brief segments of speech, theynoted which frequency had the greatest emphasis in each sound. The resultingset of frequencies, they discovered, corresponded closely to the chromaticscale. In short, the building blocks of music are to be found in speech. Farfrom being abstract, music presents a strange analog to the patterns created bythe sounds of speech. “Music, like the visual arts, is rooted in our
experience of the natural world,”says Schwartz. “It emulates our soundenvironment in the way that visual arts emulate the visual environment. “Inmusic we hear the echo of our basic sound-making instrument- the vocal tract.The explanation for human music is simple; still than Pythagoras’smathematical equations. We like the sounds that are familiar tousspecifically, we like sounds that remind us of us. This brings up somechicken-or-egg evolutionary questions. It may be that music imitates speechdirectly, the researchers say, in which case it would seem that languageevolved first. It’s also conceivable that music came first and language is ineffect an Imitation of song-that in everyday speech we hit the musical notes weespecially like. Alternately, it may be that music imitates the generalproducts of the human sound-making system, which just happens to be mostlyspeech. “We can’t know this,”says Schwartz. “What we do know is that they bothcome from the same system, and it is this that shapes our preferences.”
D
Schwartz’s study also casts lighton the long-running question of whetheranimals understand or appreciate music.Despite the apparent abundance of “music” in the natural world-birdsong, whalesong, wolf howls, synchronizedchimpanzee hooting previous studies have found that many laboratory animalsdon’t show a great affinity for the human variety of music making. Marc Hauserand Josh McDermott of Harvard argued in the July issue of Nature Neurosciencethat animals don’t create or perceive music the way we do. The act thatlaboratory monkeys can show recognition of human tunes is evidence, they say,of shared general features of the auditory system, not any specific chimpanzeemusical ability. As for birds, those most musical beasts, they generallyrecognize their own tunes-a narrow repertoire-but don’t generate novel melodieslike we do. There are no avian Mozarts. But what’s been played to the animals,Schwartz notes, is human music. If animals evolve preferences for sound as wedo-based upon the soundscape (音响范围）in which theylive-then their “music” would be fundamentally different from ours. In the same way our scales derive from humanutterances, a cat’s idea of a good tune would derive from yowls and meows. Todemonstrate that animals don’t appreciate sounds the way we do, we’d
need evidence that they don’t respond to “music”constructed from their ownsound environment.
E
No matter how the connectionbetween language and music is parsed, what is apparent is that our sense ofmusic, even our love for it, is as deeply rooted in our biology and in ourbrains as language is. This is most obvious with babies, says Sandra Trehub atthe University of Toronto, who also published a paper in the NatureNeuroscience special issue.For babies, music and speech are on a continuum.Mothers use musicalspeech to “regulate infants’emotional states.”Trehub says.Regardless of what language they speak, the voice all mothers use with babiesis the same: “something between speech and song.”Thiskind of communication“puts the baby in a trance-like state, which may proceed to sleep or extendedperiods of rapture.”So if the babies of the world could understand the latestresearch on language and music, they probably wouldn’t be very surprised. Theup shot, says Trehub, is that music may be even more of a necessity than we realize.
Questions 27-31 .............................................................................
Reading Passage 3 has five sections A-E.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Animal sometimes make music.
ii. Recent research on music
iii. Culture embedded in music
iv. Historical theories review
v. Communication in music with animals
vi. Contrast between music and language
vii. Questions on a biological link with human and music
viii. Music is good for babies.
27 Section A
28 Section B
29 Section C
30 Section D
31 Section E
Questions 32-38.............................................................................
Look at the following people and list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement.
Write the correct letter A-Gin boxes 32-38 on your answer sheet.
List of Statements
A Music exists outside of the world in which it is created.
B Music has a common feature though cultural influences affect
C Humans need music.
D Music priority connects to the disordered sound around.
E Discovery of mathematical musical foundation.
F Music is not treated equally well compared with language
G Humans and monkeys have similar traits in perceiving sound.
32 Steven Pinker
33 Musicologists
34 Greek philosopher Pythagoras
35 Schwartz, Howe, and Purves
36 Marc Hauser and Josh McDermott
37 Charles Rosen
38 Sandra Trehub
Questions 39-40
.............................................................................
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet.
39 Why was the study of animal’s music uncertain?
A Animals don’t have the same auditory system as humans.
B Experiments on animal’s music are limited.
C tunes are impossible for animal to make up.
D Animals don’t have spontaneous ability for the tests.
40 What is the main subject of this passage?
A Language and psychology.
B Music formation.
C Role of music in human society.
D Music experiments for animals.
答案：
27 vi 28 iv 29 ii 30 v 31 vii 32 F
33 B 34 E 35 D 36 G 37 A 38 C
39 C 40 C
回忆6：
雅思听力部分
Part 1 租房
题型：填空
1-10 填空
1. phone number: 614381997
2. email address: susansmith@post.com
3. occupation: a chemist
4. a house with a garden
5. an apartment with a big balcony
6. furnishings: a fridge is required
7. maximum rent: 400 dollar per week
8. location: near the beach
9. other requirements: must have parking nearby
10. electricity included in the rent
Part 2 动物园介绍
题型：匹配+选择
11-16 匹配
11. to meet head keeper: tropical zone
12. take safari bus: tower view
13. driver pick you up: kangaroo
14. to have a dinner: hotel restaurant
15. for kid’s painting: education place room
16. to touch animal: African zone
17-20 选择
17. most monkeys
C. like people
18. what days are school group’s discount-period
A. Fridays and Saturdays are excluded
19. the most expensive tickets include
C. helping keeper one day
20. which lecture is invited every year
C. well-known president
Part 3 巧克力公司的市场国际化营销方案
题型：选择+匹配
21-25 选择
21. the tutor said the example of the chocolate in different areas are
B.with different tastes and ingredients
22. the student wrote clearly about
C. the expansion in sales
23. the student thinks that the company should be criticized at
C. changing the local managers
24. the tutor said the example of the company
B. overlook the benefit of the area
25. based on the research, which book should the student read further
B. centralization of global management
26-30 匹配
26. Epson: C. change location of head office
27. babies choice: D. merchandize
28. Multiplan: A. dispense
29. general electric: F. optimize the supply chain
30. Wilson: B. workforce
Part 4 人类嗅觉
题型：填空
31. The animal of monkeys
32. Can smell tiny chemical
33. Can easily know it is chocolate
34. The smell of orange
35. Detect fear in the man’s sweat
36. Not good at finding the source of a smell
37. Can not be very accurate
38. Recall the memories of childhood best
39. Whether we are in the emotion of sad
40. For people good at smelling spices
回忆7：
小作文：双饼图
The percentage of water used by sectors in Sydney in 1997 and 2007.
大作文：
Some people think individuals are more and more dependent on each other. Some people think individuals are more and more independent. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
回忆8：
阅读
Passage1 木乃伊的保存
待回忆
Passage2: biotechnology third wave
题型：匹配+多选+填空
14-17 匹配
14.D
15.H
16.F
17.待补充
18-21 多选
18-19 AD
20-21 AC
22-26 填空
待回忆
Passage3: Music
anguage We All Speak
题型：匹配+选择
27-31 段落匹配
27.vi
28.iv
29.ii
30.v
31.vii
32-38 人名匹配
32.F
33.B
34.E
35.D
36.G
37.A
38.C
39-40 选择
39.B
40.C 回忆9：
Task 1 ：饼状图
1997年和2007年悉尼各部门用水的百分比
Task 2：讨论双方观点
Some people think individuals are more and more dependent on each other. Others believe we are more and more independent. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
回忆10：
听力
回忆11：
回忆12：
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