回忆1：
大作文是一些人觉得出国旅行是必要的 一些觉得网络电视上的消息就足够了
回忆2：
小作文：柱状图
大作文：讨论双方观点
Some people think travelling abroad is necessary while others think this is not necessary because TV and the internet can give the same information. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
回忆3：
雅思阅读部分
第一篇：经理人What Do Managers Really Do?
文章大意：
主要讲关于manager的新研究及研究结果。介绍管理学大师Henry Mintzberg的经理角色理论。有一个人将经历职责分为三类，一类和人力有关，第二类和信息战有关，第三类涉及到做决策（make decision ）
原文：
When students graduate and first enter the workforce, the most common choice is to find an entry-level position. This can be a job such as an unpaid internship, an assistant, a secretary, or a junior partner position. Traditionally, we start with simpler jobs and work our way up. Young professionals start out with a plan to become senior partners, associates, or even managers of a workplace. However, these promotions can be few and far between, leaving many young professionals unfamiliar with management experience. An important step is understanding the role and responsibilities of a person in a managing position. Managers are organisational members who are responsible for the work performance of other organisational members. Managers have formal authority to use organisational resources and to make decisions. Managers at different levels of the organisation engage in different amounts of time on the four managerial functions of planning, organising, leading, and controlling.
However, as many professionals already know, managing styles can be very different depending on where you work. Some managing styles are strictly hierarchical. Other managing styles can be more casual and relaxed, where the manager may act more like a team member rather than a strict boss. Many researchers have created a more scientific approach in studying these different approaches to managing. In the 1960s, researcher Henry Mintzberg created a seminal organisational model using three categories. These categories represent three major functional approaches, which are designated as interpersonal, informational and decisional.
Introduced Category 1: INTERPERSONAL ROLES. Interpersonal roles require managers to direct and supervise employees and the organisation. The figurehead is typically a top of middle manager. This manager may communicate future organisational goals or ethical guidelines to employees at company meetings. They also attend ribbon-cutting ceremonies, host receptions, presentations and other activities associated with the figurehead role. A leader acts as an example for other employees to follow, gives commands and directions to subordinates, makes decisions, and mobilises employee support. They are also responsible for the selection and training of employees. Managers must be leaders at all levels of the organisation; often lower-level managers look to top management for this leadership example. In the role of liaison, a manager must coordinate the work of others in different work units, establish alliances between others, and work to share resources. This role is particularly critical for middle managers, who must often compete with other managers for important resources, yet must maintain successful working relationships with them for long time periods.
Introduced Category 2: INFORMATIONAL ROLES. Informational roles are those in which managers obtain and transmit information. These roles have changed dramatically as technology has improved. The monitor evaluates the performance of others and takes corrective action to improve
that performance. Monitors also watch for changes in the environment and within the company that may affect individual and organisational performance. Monitoring occurs at all levels of management. The role of disseminator requires that managers inform employees of changes that affect them and the organisation. They also communicate the company’s vision and purpose.
Introduced Category 3: DECISIONAL ROLES. Decisional roles require managers to plan strategy and utilise resources. There are four specific roles that are decisional. The entrepreneur role requires the manager to assign resources to develop innovative goods and services, or to expand a business. The disturbance handler corrects unanticipated problems facing the organisation from the internal or external environment. The third decisional role, that of resource allocator, involves determining which work units will get which resources. Top managers are likely to make large, overall budget decisions, while middle managers may make more specific allocations. Finally, the negotiator works with others, such as suppliers, distributors, or labor unions, to reach agreements regarding products and services.
Although Mintzberg’s initial research in 1960s helped categorise manager approaches, Mintzberg was still concerned about research involving other roles in the workplace. Minstzberg considered expanding his research to other roles, such as the role of disseminator, figurehead, liaison and spokesperson. Each role would have different special characteristics, and a new categorisation system would have to be made for each role to understand it properly.
While Mintzberg’s initial research was helpful in starting the conversation, there has since been criticism of his methods from other researchers. Some criticisms of the work were that even though there were multiple categories, the role of manager is still more complex. There are still many manager roles that are not as traditional and are not captured in Mintzberg’s original three categories. In addition, sometimes, Mintzberg’s research was not always effective. The research, when applied to real-life situations, did not always improve the management process in real-life practice.
These two criticisms against Mintzberg’s research method raised some questions about whether or not the research was useful to how we understand “managers” in today’s world. However, even if the criticisms against Mintzberg’s work are true, it does not mean that the original research from the 1960s is completely useless. Those researchers did not say Mintzberg’s research is invalid. His research has two positive functions to the further research.
The first positive function is Mintzberg provided a useful functional approach to analyse management. And he used this approach to provide a clear concept of the role of manager to the researcher. When researching human behavior, it is important to be concise about the subject of the research. Mintzberg’s research has helped other researchers clearly define what a “manager” is, because in real-life situations, the “manager” is not always the same position title. Mintzberg’s definitions added clarity and precision to future research on the topic.
The second positive function is Mintzberg’s research could be regarded as a good beginning to give a new insight to further research on this field in the future. Scientific research is always a gradual process. Just because Mintzberg’s initial research had certain flaws, does not mean it is useless to other researchers. Researchers who are interested in studying the workplace in a systematic way have older research to look back on. A researcher doesn’t have to start from the very beginning— older research like Mintzberg’s has shown what methods work well and what methods are not as appropriate for workplace dynamics. As more young professionals enter the job market, this research will continue to study and change the way we think about the modern workplace.
Questions 1-6
Look at the following descriptions or deeds (Questions 1-6 )below
Match each description or deed with the correct category A
Write the correct letter , A B or C in boxes 1-6 on Your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
List of Categories
A INTERPERSONAL ROLES
B INFORMATIONAL ROLES
C DECISIONALROLES
1 the development of business scheme
2 presiding at formal events
3. Using emplyees and funds
4. getting and passing message on to related persons
5 relating the information to employees and organisation
6 recruiting the staff
Questions 7-8
Choose TWO letters.A-E
Write the correct letters in boxes 7 and 8 on your answer sheet
Which TWO positive functions about Mintberg's research a two paragraphs?
A offers waterproof categories of managers
B provides a clear concept to define the role of a manager
C helps new graduates to design their career
D suggests ways for managers to do their job better
E makes a fresh way for further research
Ouestions9-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 9-13 on you answer sheet. write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOTGIVEN if the information is not given the the passage
9 Young professionals can easily know management experience in the workplace.
10 Minizberg's theory broke well established notions about managing styles.
11 Mintzberg got a large amount of research funds for his contribution.
17 All managers do the same work
13 Mintzberg's theory is invalid in the future studies.
1-6 配对
1. The development of business scheme C
2. Presiding in formal events A
3. Using employees and funds C
4. Getting and passing message on to related person B
5. Relating the information to employees B
6. Recruiting the staff A
7-8 多选
Which TWO positive functions about Minzheng’s research are mentioned?
7.B clear to define the role of a manager
8.E makes a fresh way for further research
9-13判断
9. False
10.True
11.NOT GIVEN
12.all the managers do the same work FALSE
13.Minzeng 的理论在未来研究领域没用 FALSE
第二篇：Monkey and Forest(猴子和森林)
AS AN EAST WIND blasts through a gap in the Cordillera deTilaran, a rugged mountain range that splits northern Costa Rica in half, afemale mantled howler monkey moves through the swaying trees of the forestcanopy.
A.
Ken Glander, a primatologist from Duke L University, gazesinto the canopy, tracking the female’s movements. Holding a dart gun, he waitswith infinite patience for the right moment to shoot. With great care, Glanderaims and fires. Hit in the rump, the monkey wobbles. This howler belongs to apopulation that has lived for decades at Hacienda La Pacifica, a working cattleranch in Guanacaste province. Other native primates — white-faced capuchinmonkeys and spider monkeys — once were common in this area, too, but vanishedafter the Pan-American Highway was built nearby in the 1950s. Most of thesurrounding land was clear-cut for pasture.
B.
Howlers persist at La Pacifica, Glander explains, becausethey are leaf-eaters. They eat fruit, when it’s available but, unlike capuchinand spider monkeys, do not depend on large areas of fruiting trees. “Howlerscan survive anyplace you have half a dozen trees because their eating habitsare so flexible” he says. In forests, life is an arms race between trees andthe myriad creatures that feed on leaves. Plants have evolved a variety ofchemical defences, ranging from bad-tasting tannins, which bind withplant-produced nutrients, rendering them indigestible, to deadly poisons, suchas alkaloids and cyanide.
C.
All primates, including humans, have some ability to handleplant toxins. “We can detoxify a dangerous poison known as caffeine, which isdeadly to a lot of animals:’ Glander says. For leaf-eaters, long-term exposureto a specific plant toxin can increase their ability to defuse the poison and absorbthe leaf nutrients. The leaves that grow in regenerating forests, like those atLa Pacifica, are actually more howler friendly than those produced by theundisturbed, centuries-old trees that survive farther south, in the AmazonBasin. In younger forests, trees put most of their limited energy into growingwood, leaves and fruit, so they produce much lower levels of toxin than dowell- established, old-growth trees.
D.
The value of maturing forests to primates is a subject ofstudy at Santa Rosa National Park, about 35 miles northwest of Hacienda LaPacifica. The park hosts populations not only of mantled howlers but also ofwhite-faced capuchins and spider monkeys. Yet the forests there are young, mostof them less than 50 years old. Capuchins were the first to begin using thereborn forests when the trees were as young as 14 years. Howlers, larger andheavier than capuchins, need somewhat older trees, with limbs that can supporttheir greater body weight. A working ranch at Hacienda La Pacifica alsoexplains their population boom in Santa Rosa. “Howlers are more resilient thancapuchins and spider monkeys for several reasons, Fedigan explains. “They canlive within a small home range, as long as the trees have the right food forthem. Spider monkeys, on the other hand, occupy a huge home range, so theycan’t make it in fragmented habitat”
E.
Howlers also reproduce faster than do other monkey species inthe area. Capuchins don’t bear their first young until about 7 years old, andspider monkeys do so even later, but howlers give birth for the first time atabout 3.5 years of age. Also, while a female spider monkey will have a babyabout once every four years, well-fed howlers can produce an infant every twoyears.
F.
The leaves howlers eat hold plenty of water, so the monkeyscan survive away from open streams and water holes. This ability gives them areal advantage over capuchin and spider monkeys, which have suffered during thelong, ongoing drought in Guanacaste.
G.
Growing human population pressures in Central and SouthAmerica have led to the persistent destruction of forests. During the 1990s,about 1.1 million acres of Central American forest were felled yearly.Alejandro Estrada, an ecologist at Estacion de Biologia Los Tuxtlas inVeracruz, Mexico, has been exploring how monkeys survive in a landscapeincreasingly shaped by humans. He and his colleagues recently studied theecology of a group of mantled howler monkeys that thrive in a habitatcompletely altered by humans: a cacao plantation in Tabasco, Mexico. Like manyvarieties of coffee, cacao plants need shade to grow, so 40 years ago thelandowners planted fig, monkey pod and other tall trees to form a protectivecanopy over their crop. The howlers moved in about 25 years ago after nearbyforests were cut. This strange habitat, a hodgepodge of cultivated native andexotic plants, seems to support about as many monkeys as would a same-sizedpatch of wild forest. The howlers eat the leaves and fruit of the shade trees,leaving the valuable cacao pods alone, so the farmers tolerate them
H.
Estrada believes the monkeys bring underappreciated benefitsto such farms, dispersing the seeds of fig and other shade trees andfertilizing the soil with feces. He points out that howler monkeys live inshade coffee and cacao plantations in Nicaragua and Costa Rica as well as inMexico. Spider monkeys also forage in such plantations, though they need nearbyareas of forest to survive in the long term. He hopes that farmers will beginto see the advantages of associating with wild monkeys, which includespotential ecotourism projects.
“Conservation is usually viewed as a conflictbetween agricultural practices and the need to preserve nature,” Estrada says.“We’removing away from that vision and beginning to consider ways in whichagricultural activities may become a tool for the conservation of primates inhuman-modified landscapes.”
Questions 14-19
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write thecorrect letter in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14. a reference of reduction in Forestinhabitant.
15. Only one species of monkeysurvived while other two species have vanished.
16. a reason for howler Monkey ofchoosing new leaves.
17. mention to Howler Monkey’snutrient and eating habits.
18. a reference of asking farmers’changing attitude toward wildlife.
19. the advantage for Howler Monkey’sflexibility living in a segmented habitat.
Questions 20-22
Look at the following places and the list of descriptionsbelow.
Match each description with the correct place, A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 20-22on your answer sheet.
List of places
A. Hacienda La Pacifica
B. Santa Rosa National Park
C. a cacao plantation in Tabasco, Mexico
D. Estacion de Biologia Los Tuxtlasin Veracruz, Mexico
E. Amazon Basin
20. Howler Monkey’s benefit to thelocal region’s agriculture
21. Original home for all three nativemonkeys
22. A place where Capuchins monkeycomes for a better habitat
Questions 23-27
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage foreach answer. Write your answers in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.
The reasons for Howlers monkey survive better in a focalregion than other two species:
Howlers in La Pacifica since they can feed themselves withleaf when 23………………………is not easily found.
Howlers have better ability to alleviate the 24……………………….which old and young trees used to protect themselves).
When compared to that of spider monkeys and capuchin monkeys,the 25 …………….. the rate of Howlers is relatively faster (round for justevery 2 years).
The monkeys can survive away from open streams and waterholes as the leaves howlers eat hold the high content of 26……………………………….which ensure them to resist to continuous 27………………………………………. inGuanacaste.
Click the button to Show/ Hide Answers.
答案：
14.G 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.H 19.D 20.C
21.A 22.B 23.fruit 24.plant toxin/toxin
25.reproduction/reproduce 26.water 27.drought
第三篇：早期人类思维状态
回忆4：
雅思听力部分
Part 1 垃圾回收的注意事项
题型：填空
1. time of garbage collection: Tuesday
2. take the garbage out at 8.15
3. 可以在grocery stores买到装食物用的可降解的塑料袋
4. 不能回收TV
5. 垃圾按照不同的categories分类
6. egg cartons属于可回收
7. clean, empty water and juice bottles
8. 回收之前要remove the labels
9. pizza boxes
10. 在网上提供map
Part 2 鸟类园区
答案缺失
Part 3 农业相关
答案缺失
Part 4 笑声相关
题型：填空
31. research method/methodology
32. the speakers they observed laughed almost 50% more than their audience
33. recording the circumstances of their laughter in diaries
34. laughter is a signal in social situation like jokes
35. laughter is difficult to control consciously
36. females laugh more
37. this reduces stress
38. and associated hormones
39. be put at the end of sentence
40. one of laughter’s promising application is the reduction of pain
回忆5：
阅读部分
Passage1：管理者的角色和功能
题型：匹配+多选+判断
匹配
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. A
多选
7-8. B/E
判断
9. F
10. T
11. NG
12. F
13. F
Passage2：猴子与森林
题型：匹配+填空
匹配
14. G
15. A
16. C
17. B
18. H
19. D
20. C
21. A
22. B
填空
23. fruit
24. plant toxins/toxin
25. reproduction
26. water
27. drought
Passage3: 早期人类思维状态的评估分析
题型：匹配+多选+判断
匹配
28. C
29. A
30. C
31. B
32. B
33. A
多选
34-35. B/E
判断
36. FALSE
37. TRUE
38. NOT GIVEN
39. FALSE
40. FALSE
回忆6：
回忆7：
回忆8：
回忆9：
回忆10：
2021年6月19日雅思考试总体反馈：重磅！2021年6月19日雅思考试IRP命中三部分听力（3 Sections）原文原题原答案！命中至少两篇阅读原文原题原答案！命中大小作文原题范文!命中口语绝大部分真题原题答案!总体难度适中。2021年6月19日雅思听说读写全面大中,全面开花！（疫情期间，全球不同考区时差、A类、G类考生回忆数据比较少、收集不够齐全，待补充，还在不断更新中…）祝贺IRP会员将出现不少雅思高分人才！总体反馈请（复制链接）进入
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发表于 2021-6-23 09:46:42
