Found only in the Deep South of America, longleafpine woodlands have dwindled to about 3 percent of their former range, but new efforts are under way to restore them.
A
THE BEAUTY AND THE BIODIVERSITY of the longleaf pine forest are well-kept secrets, even in ：its native South. Yet it is among the richest ecosystems in North America, rivaling tallgrass prairies and the ancient forests of the Pacific Northwest in the number of spedes it shelters. And like : those two other disappearing wildlife habitats, longleaf is also critically endangered.
B
In longleaf pine forests, trees grow widely scattered, creating an open, parklike environment, more like a savanna than a forest. The trees are not so dense as to block the sun. This openness r creates a forest floor that is among the most diverse in the world, where plants such as many-flowered grass pinks, trumpet pitcher plants, Venus flytraps, lavender ladies and pineland bog- ! buttons grow. As many as 50 different spedes of wildflowers, shrubs, grasses and ferns have been I cataloged in just a single square meter.
C
Once, nearly 92 million acres of longleaf forest flourished from Virginia to Texas, the only place in the world where it is found. By the turn of the 21st century, however, virtually all of it had i been logged, paved or farmed into oblivion. Only about 3 percent of the original range still supports longleaf forest, and only about 10,000 acres of that is uncut old-growth-the rest is forest j that has regrown after cutting. An estimated 100,000 of those acres are still vanishing every year. ! However, a quiet movement to reverse this trend is rippling across the region. Governments, i private organisations (including NWF) and individual conservationists are looking for ways to ; protect and preserve the remaining longleaf and to plant new forests for future generations.
D
Figuring out how to bring back the piney woods also will allow biologists to help the plants ; and animals that depend on this habitat. Nearly two-thirds of the declining threatened or I endangered spedes in the southeastern United States are associated with longleaf. The outright destruction of longleaf is only part of their story, says Mark Danaher, the biologist for South Caro- v lina's Francis Marion National Forest. He says the demise of these animab and plants also is tied j to a lack of fire, which once swept through the southern forests on a regular basis. "Fire is absolutely critical for this ecosystem and for the species that depend on it," says Danaher. !
E
Name just about any spedes that occurs in longleaf and you can find a connection to fire. Bach- j man's sparrow is a secretive bird with a beautiful song that echoes across the longleaf flatwoods.It tucks its nest on the ground beneath clumps of wiregrass and little bluestem in the open under-story. But once fire has been absent for several years, and a tangle of shrubs starts to grow, the sparrows disappear Gopher tortoises, the only native land tortoises east of the Mississippi, are also abundant in longleaf. A keystone species for these forests, its burrows provide homes and safety to more than 300 species of vertebrates and invertebrates ranging from eastern diamond- back rattlesnakes to gopher frogs. If fire is suppressed, however, the tortoises are choked out. "If we lose fire", says Bob Mitchell, an ecologist at the Jones Center, "we lose wildlife."
F
Without fire, we also lose longleaf. Fire knocks back the oaks and other hardwoods that can grow up to overwhelm longleaf forests. They are fire forests," Mitchell says. "They evolved in the lightning capital of the eastern United States."And it wasn't only lightning strikes that set the forest aflame. '"Native Americans also lit fires to keep the forest open," Mitchell says. "So did the early pioneers. They helped create the longleaf pine forests that we know today."
G
Fire also changes how nutrients flow throughout longleaf ecosystems, in ways we are just beginning to understand. For example, researchers have discovered that frequent fires provide extTa calcium, which is critical for egg production, to endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers. Frances James, a retired avian ecologist from Florida State University, has studied these small black- and-white birds for more than two decades in Florida's sprawling Apalachicola National Forest. When she realised female woodpeckers laid larger clutches in the first breeding season after their territories were burned, she and her colleagues went searching for answers. wWe learned caldum is stashed away in woody shrubs when the forest is not burned/ James says. wBut when there is a fire, a pulse of calcium moves down into the soil and up into the longleaf. Eventually, this calcium makes its way up the food chain to a tree-dwelling species of ant, which is the red- cockaded's favorite food. The result: more caldum for the birds, which leads to more eggs, more young and more woodpeckers.
H
Today, fire is used as a vital management tool for preserving both longleaf and its wildlife. Most of these fires are prescribed burns, deliberately set with a drip torch. Although the public often opposes any type of fire--and the smoke that goes with it--these frequent, low-intensity bums reduce the risk of catastrophic conflagrations. wForests are going to bum/ says Amadou Diop, NWF's southern forests restoration manager. It‘s just a question of when. With prescribed bums, we can pick the time and the placed."
Diop is spearheading a new NWF effort to restore longleaf. "'It's a species we need to go back to/ he says. Educating landowners about the advantages of growing longleaf is part of the program, he adds, which will soon be under way in nine southern states. "Right now, most longleaf is on public land," says Jerry McCollum, president of the Georgia Wildlife Federation. "Private land is where we need to work," he adds, pointing out that more than 90 percent of the acreage within the historic range of longleaf falls under this category.
I
Interest among private landowners is growing throughout the South, but restoring longleaf is not an easy task. The herbaceous layer--the understory of wiregrasses and other plants--also needs to be re-created. In areas where the land has not been chewed up by farming, but converted to loblolly or slash pine plantations, the seed bank of the longleaf forest usually remains viable beneath the soil. In time, this original vegetation can be coaxed back. Where agriculture has destroyed the seeds, however, wiregrass must be replanted. Right now, the expense is prohibitive, but researchers are searching for low-cost solutions.
J
Bringing back longleaf is not for the short-sighted, however. Few of us will be alive when the pines being planted today become mature forests in 70 to 80 years. But that is not stopping longleaf enthusiasts. Today,it's getting hard to find longleaf seedlings to buy," one of the private landowners says. "Everyone wants them. Longleaf is in a resurgence."
题目:
Questions 1-5
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Forest fire ensures that:
• Birds can locate their 1____ in the ground.
• The burrows of a species of 2____ provide homes to many other animals.
• Hardwoods such as 3____don't take over.
Apart from flres lit by lightning:
Fires are created by 4___ and settlers.
• Fires deliberately lit are called 5 ___.
Questions 6-9
Complete the flow-chart below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLYfrom the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
How to increase the number of cockaded woodpeckers
Calcium stored in 6_____
Shrubs are burned
Calcium released into 7____
Travel up to the leaves
8 ___are eaten
Number of 9___ increases
More cockaded woodpeckers
Questions 10-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
10 The sparse distribution of longleaf pine trees leads to the most diversity of species.
11 It is easier to restore forests converted to farms than forests converted to plantations.
12 The cost to restore forest is increasing recently.
13 Few can live to see the replanted forest reach its maturity.
参考答案和解析定位
1 nests
【原文参考依据-E 第19-21】
It tucks its nest on the ground beneath dumps of wiregrass and little bluestem in the open under- story.
2 tortoise
【原文参考依据-E 第23-25】
Gopher tortoises, theonly native land tortoises east of the Mississippi
3 oaks
【原文参考依据- F 第一句】
Fire knocks back the back the okas and other hardwoods that can grow up to overwhelm longleaf forests.
4 lightning
【原文参考依据-F 第36-38】
They evolved in the lightning capital of the eastern United States.
5 native Americans
【原文参考依据-F第38-40】Native Americans also lit fires to keep the forest open," Mitchell says. So did the early pioneers.They helped create the longleaf pine forests that we know today."
6 prescribed burns
【原文参考依据-H第16-17句】Most of these are prescribed burns,deliberately set with a drip torch.
7-9题定位于原文G段 按照题干语法修改单复数
7 soil
【原文参考依据-G第6-8句】 ''But when there is a fire ,a pulse ofCalcium down into the soil and up into the longleaf.''
8 ants
【原文参考依据-G第10-12句】Eventually,this calcium makes its way up is the food.chain to a tree-dwelling species of ant,which is the red-cockaded's favorite food.
9 eggs
【原文参考依据-G第12-14】The result:more calcium for the birds,which leads to more eggs,more young and more woodpeckers.
10 TRUE
【原文参考依据-B第27-30句】
In longleaf pine forests, trees grow widely scattered,creating an open, park like environment, more like a savanna than a forest. Thetrees are not so dense as to block the sun. This openness creates a forestfloor that is among the most diverse in the world, where plants ……………
11FALSE
【原文参考依据-I第28-30句】
In areas where the land has not been chewed up by farming,but converted to loblolly or slash pine plantations, the seed bank of thelongleaf forest usually remains viable beneath the soil.
12 NOT GIVEN
【原文参考依据-I 首句和末句】Restoring longleaf is not an easy task.....Right now ,the expense is prohibitive,but researchers are searching for low-cost solutions.
13 TURE
【原文参考依据-J 第37-38句】
Few of us will be alive when the pines being planted today become mature forests in70 to 80 years.
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