回忆1：
大作文many young people is more know about international pop and music stars. 然后就很少关注在你的城市历史上有名的人 给出原因和增加他们对历史人物的兴趣的措施。
回忆2：
澳洲，more people decide to have children at a later age. why? disadvantages outweigh advantages?
回忆3：
亚太卷：
小作文：地图；
大作文：Many young people today know more about international pop and movie stars than about famous people in the history in their country.Why is this?What can be done to increase young people’s interest in famous people in the history of their
回忆4：
阅读：
第一篇：Ambergris（龙涎香）
原文：
A
The name ambergris is derived from the Spanish “ambar gris”, ambar meaning amber (琥珀) and gris meaning grey, thus the name signifies grey amber. Theuse of ambergris in Europe is now entirely confined to perfumery-as a material of perfumery. Its high price varies from$15 to$25 an ounce, though it formerlyoccupied on inconsiderable place in medicine. Ambergris was also decoratedandworn as jewelry, particularly during the Renaissance．It occupies a very important place in the perfumery of the East, and there it is also used in pharmacy(药物)and as a flavouring material in cookery.
B
Amber, however, is quite a different substance from ambergris and thisdiscrepancy (矛盾) has puzzled some people. Amber is the fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized for jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent and wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees. In the dense forests of the Middle Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, between 10 and 100 million years ago, these resin-bearing trees fell and were carried by rivers to coastal regions. There, the trees and their resins became covered with sediment (沉淀物), and over millions of years the resin hardened into amber.
C
Ambergris and amber are related by the fact that both wash up on beaches. Ambergris is a solid, waxy and flammable substance of a dull 2rey or blackish color, with the shades being variegated 1ike marble. It possesses a peculiar sweet，earthy odour not unlike isopropyl alcohol (异丙醇). It is now known to be a morbid secretion formed in the intestines of the sperm whale, found in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Being a very lightweight material, ambergris is found floating upon the sea, on the sea coast, or in the sand near the sea coast．It is met with in the Atlantic Ocean, on the coasts Of Brazil and Madagascar; also on the coast Of Africa, of the East Indies, China, Japan, and the Molucca Islands; but most of the ambergris which is brought to England comes from the Bahama Islands. It is also sometimes found in the abdomen of whales; it is always in lumps in various shapes and sizes, weighing from 1/ 2 oz. to 100 or more lb. A piece which the Dutch East India Company bought from the King of Tydore weighed 182 lb. An American fisherman from Antigua found, Inside a whale, about 52 1eagues south-east from the Windward Islands, a piece of ambergris which weighed about l 30 lb, and sold for 500 sterling.
D
Like many other substances regarding the origin of which there existed some obscurity or mystery, ambergris in former times possessed a value, and had properties attributed to it, more on account of the source from which it was drawn than from its inherent qualities. Many ridiculous hypotheses were started to account for its origin, and among others it was conjectured(推测)to be the solidified foam of the sea, a fungous growth in the ocean similar to the fungi which form on trees.
E
The true source and character of ambergris was first satisfactorily established by Dr. Swediaur in a communication to the Royal Society. It was found by Dr. Swediaur that ambergris very frequently contained the horny mandibles (下颌 骨)or beaks of the squid, on which the sperm whales are known to feed. That observation, in connection with the fact of ambergris being frequently taken from the intestines (肠)of the sperm whale, sufficiently proved that the substance is produced by the whale’s intestine as a means of facilitating the passage of undigested hard, sharp beaks of squid that the whale has eaten.
F
It was further observed that the whales in which ambergris was found were either dead or much wasted and evidently in a sickly condition. From this it was inferred that ambergris is in some way connected with a morbid (病 态的)condition of the sperm whale. Often expelled by vomiting, ambergris floats in chunks on the water and is of a deep grey colour, soft consistence, and an offensive, disagreeable smell. Following months to years of photo-degradation andoxidation in the ocean, this precursor gradually hardens, developing a dark grey or black colour, a crusty and waxy texture, and a peculiar odour that is at once sweet, earthy, marine, and animalist. Its smell has been described by many as a vastly richer and smoother version of isopropanol without its
stinging harshness.
G
In that condition its specific gravity ranges from 0.780 to 0.926. It melts at a temperature of about 145 F into a fatty yellow resin-like liquid．It is soluble in ether, volatile and fixed oils, but only feebly acted on by acids. By digesting in hot alcohol, a peculiar substance termed ambrein is obtained. In chemical constitution ambrein very closely resembles cholesterin (胆固醇), a principle found abundantly in biliary calculi (胆 道结石) . It is therefore more than probable that ambergris, from the position in which it is found and its chemical constitution, is a biliary concretion analogous to what is formed in other mammals.
H
The industries founded on ambergris resulted in the slaughter of sperm whales ( 抹 香鲸) almost to extinction. Sperm whales were killed in two massive hunts, the Moby Dick whalers who worked mainly between 1740-1 880, and themodem whalers whose operations peaked in 1 964, when 29,255 were killed. Most recent estimates suggest a global population of about 360,000 animals down from about 1,100,000 before whaling. In the 20th century, 90% of ambergris was derived in the processing of killing sperm whales. To this day, ambergris is still the most expensive product in the whole body of sperm whale. Depending on its quality, raw ambergris fetches approximately 20 USD per gram. In the United States, possession of any part of an endangered species-including ambergris that has washed ashore-is a violation of the Endangered Species Act of 1978.
I
Historically, the primary commercial use of ambergris has been in fragrancechemistry. However, it is difficult to get a consistent and reliable supply of high quality ambergris. Due to demand for ambergris and its high price, replacement compounds have been sought out by the fragrance industry and chemically synthesized. The most important of these is Ambrox (降龙涎醚), which has taken its place as the most widely used amber odorant in perfume manufacture. Procedures for the microbial production of Ambrox have also been devised.
Questions 1-5
.................................................................................
Classify the following statement as applying to
A Ambergris only
B Amber only
C Both amber and ambergris
D Neither amber nor ambergris
1 very expensive
2 food flavor
3 used as currency
4 referred to in a communication
5 could be seen through
Questions 6-9
.................................................................................
Summary
Complete the Summary paragraph described below in boxes 6—9 on your answer
sheet. Write the correct answer with one word.
The formation of ambergris experiences several stages. First, when sperm whale eats thehard and sharp 6 of squid, its intestine will produce ambergris to facilitate the 7 Then, ambergris can be 8 up by sperm whale and float on the water. After months of exposure on air, it 9 and the color turns dark grey or black.
Question 10-13
...............................................................................
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
In boxes 10-13 on your sheet, write
TRUE if the sataement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
10 In the 20th century, most ambergris was made in the process of killing sperm
whale.
11 Ambergris’s cost increased recently.
12 Ambergris still remains in the perfume making.
13 Ambergris is still the most important amber odorant in perfume manufacture.
答案：
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. B
6. beaks 7. passage 8. vomited 9. hardens 10. TRUE
11. NOT GIVEN 12. NOT GIVEN 13. FALSE
第二篇：brid migration（鸟类迁徙）
原文：
A
Birds have many unique design features that enable them to perform such amazing feats of endurance. They are equipped with lightweight, hollow bones, intricately designed feathers providing both lift and thrust for rapid flight, navigation systems superior to any that man has developed, and an ingenious heat conserving design that, among other things, concentrates all blood circulation beneath layers of warm, waterproof plumage, leaving them fit to face life in the harshest of climates. Their respiratory systems have to perform efficiently during sustained flights at altitude, so they have a system of extracting oxygen from their lungs that far exceeds that of any other animal. During the later stages of the summer breeding season, when food is plentiful their bodies are able to accumulate considerable layers of fat, in order to provide sufficient energy for their long migratory flights.
B
The fundamental reason that birds migrate is to find adequate food during the winter months when it is in short supply. This particularly applies to birds that breed in the temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern hemisphere, where food is abundant during the short growing season. Many species can tolerate cold temperatures if food is plentiful, but when food is not available they must migrate. However, intriguing questions remain.
C
One puzzling fact is that many birds journey much further than would be necessary just to find food and good weather. Nobody knows, for instance, why British swallows, which could presumably survive equally well if they spent the winter in equatorial Africa, instead fly several thousands of miles further to their preferred winter home in South Africa Cape Province. Another mystery involves the huge migrations performed by arctic terns and mud flat-feeding shorebirds that breed close to Polar Regions. In general, the further north a migrant species breeds, the farther south it spends the winter. For arctic terns this necessitates an annual round trip of 25,000 miles. Yet, en route to their final destination in far-flung southern latitudes, all these individuals overfly other areas of seemingly suitable habitat spanning two hemispheres. While we may not fully understand birds' reasons for going to particular places, we can marvel at their feats.
D
One of the greatest mysteries is how young birds know how to find the traditional wintering areas without parental guidance. Very few adults migrate with juveniles in tow, and youngsters may even have little or no inkling of their parents' appearance. A familiar example is that of the cuckoo, which lays its eggs in another species nest and never encounters its young again. It is mind boggling to consider that, once raised by its host species, the young cuckoo makes its own way to ancestral wintering grounds in the tropics before returning single-handed to northern Europe the next season to seek out a mate among its own kind. The obvious implication is that it inherits from its parents an inbuilt route map and direction-finding capability, as well as a mental image of what another cuckoo looks like. Yet nobody has the slightest idea as to how this is possible.
E
Mounting evidence has confirmed that birds use the positions of the sun and stars to obtain compass directions. They seem also to be able to detect the earth's magnetic field, probably due to having minute crystals of magnetite in the region of their brains. However, true navigation also requires an awareness of position and time, especially when lost. Experiments have shown that after being taken thousands of miles over an unfamiliar landmass, birds are still capable of returning rapidly to nest sites. Such phenomenal powers arc the product of computing a number of sophisticated cues, including an inborn map of the night sky and the pull of the earth's magnetic field. How the birds use their 'instruments’ remains unknown, but one thing is clear: they see the world with a superior sensory perception to ours. Most small birds migrate at night and take their direction from the position of the setting sun. However, as well as seeing the sun go down, they also seem to sec the plane of polarized light caused by it, which calibrates their compass. Traveling at night provides other benefits. Daytime predators are avoided and the danger of dehydration due to flying for long periods in warm, sunlit skies is reduced. Furthermore, at night the air is generally cool and less turbulent and so conducive to sustained, stable flight.
F
Nevertheless, all journeys involve considerable risk, and part of the skill in arriving safely is setting off at the right time. This means accurate weather forecasting, and utilizing favorable winds. Birds are adept at both, and, in laboratory tests, some have been shown to detect the minute difference in barometric pressure between the floor and ceiling of a room. Often birds react to weather changes before there is any visible sign of them. Lapwings, which feed on grassland, flee west from the Netherlands to the British Isles, France and Spain at the onset of a cold snap. When the ground surface freezes the birds could starve. Yet they return to Holland ahead of a thaw, their arrival linked to a pressure change presaging an improvement in the weather.
G
In one instance a Welsh Manx shearwater carried to America and released was back in its burrow on Skokholm Island, off the Pembrokeshire coast, one clay before a letter announcing its release! Conversely, each autumn a small number of North American birds arc blown across the Atlantic by fast-moving westerly tail winds. Not only do they arrive safely in Europe, but, based on ringing evidence, some make it back to North America the following spring, after probably spending the winter with European migrants in sunny African climes.
Questions 14-20
Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write
the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of headings
i. The best moment to migrate
ii. The unexplained rejection of closer feeding ground
iii. The influence of weather on the migration route
iv. Physical characteristics that allow birds to migrate
v. The main reason why birds migrate
vi. The best wintering grounds for birds
vii. Research findings on how birds migrate
viii. Successful migration despite trouble of wind
ix. Contrast between long-distance migration and short-distance migration
x. Mysterious migration despite lack of teaching
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G
Questions 21-22
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 21 and 22 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements are true of bird migration?
A Birds often fly further than they need to.
B Birds traveling in family groups are safe.
C Birds flying at night need less water.
D Birds have much sharper eye-sight than humans.
E Only shorebirds are resistant to strong winds.
Questions 23-26
Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage.
Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
23 It is a great mystery that young birds like cuckoos can find their wintering grounds without ________.
24 Evidence shows birds can tell directions like a ________by observing the sun and the stars.
25 One advantage for birds flying at night is that they can avoid contact with ______.
26 Laboratory tests show that birds can detect weather without ________signs.
参考译文
鸟类迁徙
A
鸟类有许多独特的结构特征，使得它们表现出令人惊叹的耐久力。鸟类拥有极轻的体重、中空的骨骼、复杂的羽毛，这些为快速飞行提供了上升力和推动力。同时，鸟类还拥有比人类发明的任何导航系统都要优越的导航体系。此外，它精密的热保护结构会保证其温暖防水羽毛之下的血液循环的畅通，以便它们能够适应最恶劣的气候环境。鸟类必须具备极为高效的呼吸系统才能适应高空的持久飞行，因此，它们从肺部提取氧气的呼吸系统比任何其他物种的都高效得多。在食物丰富的夏季繁殖季后期，它们的体内会储存大量脂肪层，为它们长途迁徙飞行提供充足的能量。
B
鸟类迁徙主要是为了在冬季食物短缺时寻找到足够的食物。尤其是那些生长在北半球温带和北极圈地区的鸟类，因为这些地方只有在短暂的生长季节才会有充足的食物。在食物充足的情况下，很多鸟类都能忍受寒冷的天气，但当食物缺乏时，它们就不得不迁徙。然而，目前还存在一些令人不解的问题。
C
一个令人不解的现象是，很多鸟类的旅程距离远远长于它们为寻找食物和好天气所必需飞行的距离。例如，没人知道为什么本可以在非洲赤道区过冬的英国燕子非要不远千里飞到南非的开普省过冬。另一个谜团则是关于北极燕鸥以及在北极附近滩涂区哺育生活的水禽的大规模迁徙活动。通常，鸟类生活繁殖的地方越偏北，其冬季迁徙的地方就越偏南。对于北极燕鸥来说，它们每年的旅程长达25,000英里。但是，在飞往遥远的位于南纬度地区的目的地的途中，所有这些鸟类都会飞越许多地跨两个半球，看上去适合栖息的地区。虽然我们可能无法完全理解鸟类前往特定地区的原因，但是，我们也对鸟类游历世界的能力感到无比惊讶。
D
最大的谜团之一是幼鸟是如何在没有父母引导的情况下找到传统越冬之地的。成年的鸟类很少带领幼鸟一起迁徙，稚鸟甚至很少或者从没见过其父母。以布谷鸟(杜鹃)为例，它们将蛋产在其它鸟类的巢中，然后再也不会回去看望幼仔。让人惊讶的是，当小杜鹃在宿主家里长大后，它便会自己飞到其祖先在热带地区的越冬地，然后独自飞回北欧，寻找和自己同种类的配偶。这有力地说明了杜鹃能够从其父母那里继承内置的迁徙路线图和方向定位的能力，以及其他杜鹃鸟的外在长相的精神意象。然而，还没有人知道这究竟是怎么一回事。
E
越来越多的证据显示，鸟类能够利用太阳和星辰的方位来辨别方向。同时，它们似乎还能侦测地球磁场，这可能是由于鸟类脑部具有微小的磁性晶体的缘故。不过，真正的导航还需要对位置和时间的认知，特别是在迷路的时候。实验表明，当鸟儿被带出数千英里，跨越陌生的大陆板块之后，它们仍能迅速地回到自己的巢址。这种惊人的能力是对大量复杂的线索进行精密计算的结果，包括天生的夜空星图和地球磁场的拉力。鸟类是如何运用它们的“工具”的，我们还不得而知，但有一点是显而易见的：它们用比人类更高级的感官知觉来观察这个世界。大部分幼鸟在夜间进行迁徙，并通过日落的位置辨别方位。但是，当它们观察日落时，似乎还能观测到日落带来的偏极光，从而矫正它们的方位。夜间飞行还有其他好处。鸟类可以避开昼行食肉动物，并减少温暖日照下长时期飞行带来的脱水危险。此外，夜间的空气通常较为凉爽，很少有空气湍流，这有利于持续稳定的飞行。
F
然而，所有的旅程都暗含着危险，要想安全到达，其中一个要诀就是在正确的时间出发。这意味着要能准确地预测天气，并能合理地利用风向。鸟类从出生伊始就精通此道了。实验室测试还发现，有些鸟类甚至能够辨别出房间中天花板和地面之间气压的细微差别。通常，鸟类在有明显征兆前就能感应到即将发生的天气变化。鸟头麦鸡，一种生活在草原的鸟类，能够在寒流到来前从荷兰向西飞到不列颠群岛、法国和西班牙。当地表结冰时，它们可能会饿死。在冰雪消融之前，鸟儿们会再回到荷兰，它们是通过气压变化来预测天气转变的。
G
以威尔士马恩岛海鸥为例，它们被带到美国，然后再被释放，但是，在宣布被释放的消息之前，它们就已经飞回自己的住所——彭布罗克郡海岸线外的斯科克霍尔姆(Skokholm)岛了!相反地，每个秋天都会有少量的北美鸟类被快速移动的西尾风刮到大西洋的另一边。它们不仅安全地到达了欧洲，而且越来越多的证据显示，其中一些可能还和欧洲候鸟们一起去了阳光充沛的非洲地区过冬，然后才在次年春天飞回北美。
答案分析
Question 14-20
题目类型：List of headings
Question 21-22
题目类型：details of paragraphs
Question 23-26
题目类型：Passage filling
题号定位词文中对应点题目解析
14 Design features that enable them to perform such amazing feats A段第一句A段开门见山提出鸟类特有的结构特征支持它们迁徙。之后就细化介绍了它们的特殊结构。
是个典型总分结构。所以第一句就是主题句，
因此，本题答案为iv。
15 Fundamental reason that birds migrate B段第一句B段开始提出了本段主题，之后给出了迁徙原因的解释。
因此，本题答案为 v。
16 Puzzling fact; much further C段第一句C段也是直接提出主题，然后用例子进行解释的结构。C段提出了鸟类飞到更远的地方过冬令人不解，接着用英国的燕子和北极燕鸥和水禽的迁徙例子来具体说明了人们的惊讶。
Puzzling对应答案中的unexplained;much further对应答案中rejection of closer
因此，本题答案为 ii。
17 Greatest mysteries; how young birds D段第一句D段第一句是主题句，整段接着用杜鹃的例子来具体化了此疑问。
Young bird体现了答案中的lack of teaching
因此，本题答案为 x。
18 Mounting evidence; birds use the positions; to obtain compass direction; detect the earth’s magnetic field E段第一句第二句E段第一句提出了鸟类使用太阳和星星辨别方向有很多证据。第二句说同时鸟类似乎还可以预测地球磁场。这都在说鸟儿怎么飞。
因此，本题答案为 vii。
19 Setting off at the right time F段第一句F段第一句话提出安全飞行需要找到最好的出发的时间，第二句说那意味着要正确的天气预测，利用风向。也就是说第二句只是说明如何找到好的出发时间，说要iii 不能选。
因此，本题答案为 I。
20 One instance; are blown across; fast-moving westerly tail winds; arrive safely G段第一句和第二句和第三句。G段第一句说威尔士马恩岛海鸥是一个例子(那说明是承接上文的例子，而上面一段说的是正确预测天气和利用风向来找到好的飞行时间)。所以这要么是预测天气成功，要么是利用风向成功。后面第二句说到了西尾风。第三句说不仅成功，还飞去了非洲。
因此，本题答案为 viii。
21 Many birds journey much further than would be necessary just to find food C段第一句C段第一句明确提到许多鸟类的迁徙旅程远远长于它们为了寻找食物和好天气所必需飞行的距离。这也是C段的主题句。
因此，本题答案为 A。
22 Traveling at night; other benefits; danger of dehydration E段第九十两句E段接近结尾的第九十两句非常明确的提到了夜间飞行的好处：避免天敌和脱水。
因此，本题答案为C。
其它选项B在文中没有提到和家人一起飞行;D也没有提到，文章只是在第E段提到的是鸟类有比人类更高级的感官知觉they see the world with a superior sensory perception to ours。E也没有在文中明确提出，并且一般有绝对词的答案可以率先排除。
23 One of the greatest mysteries; without parental guidance; a familiar example is that of the cuckoo D段第一句话和第三句话先用cuckoo定位到D段。
Cuckoo是该段主题幼鸟依靠自己迁徙到越冬之地的迷思的一个例子。
提干部分是对D段第一句话的paraphrase。
因此，本题答案是文中的parental guidance。
24 Mounting evidence; position of sun and stars to obtain compass directions E段第一句话用tell direction和by observing the sun and the stars定位到E段第一句话。
因此，本题答案是文中的compass。
25 Traveling at night; other benefits; daytime predators are avoided E段第九十两句通过第22题其实已经可以直接做出这个题了。E段接近结尾的第九十两句非常明确的提到了夜间飞行的好处：避免天敌和脱水。
因此，本题答案为predators。
26 React to weather changes before there is any visible sign of them F段第四句用laboratory tests; detect weather定位到本句。
因此，本题答案为visible。
第三篇：星球理论
回忆5：
听力
S4 关于西方音乐发展史的起因以及对文化和语言的影响
31. People moved to city for factories
32. Culture influences by different immigration
33. industry
34. different music about the same language
35. jobs
36. youth performers
37. audience
38. developed into middle class
39. classical culture
40. quality
回忆7：
听力
Section 4:美国流行音乐的历史:起源和影响
About music, its origin and influence
31-40 Sentence Completion:
31 In 19th and 20th century, American people work in factories说欧洲人从农村搬到城市urban对音乐产生了影响
32 19世纪美国 culture influences by different immigration
33 sales profit is affected by several factors, the most important one -quality/quantity of sales:more important than quantity 说到20世纪的音乐制作商重视
34 song spread from churches
35 different music but the common language
36 an industry of goods or services creating new jobs eg. Publishers
A major industry: it resulted in new jobs. e.g p from audience
37. Performers are firstly separated from audience
38 now middle class began to be interested in Music
39 Develop a system for composing music(classical) writing music
40 youth culture
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发表于 2019-11-18 20:07:16
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