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2018年7月19日澳洲,新西兰,香港等亚太考区雅思A类笔试真题答案回忆汇总 回忆1： 小作文柱状图，大作文教育成人比教育孩子更重要 回忆2： 小作文 柱状图 四个旅游业相关行业的工作发展状况 大作文说教育很重要 对于不会读写的人来说更重要 说明自己观点 回忆3： 台湾，听力懵逼到起飞，速度不快，但就是懵逼的听完，听力最后填空，塑料展览 阅读很简单，商人沟通的方法，大象如何感知震动，还有一个忘了 作文柱状图，不同旅游业的职业数量 大作文：成年人教育更重要应花更多钱在成人教育上 回忆4： 阅读： 第二篇：Pollution in the Bay（海湾污染） A Pouring water into the sea soundsharmless enough. But in Florida Bay, alarge and shallow section of the Gulf ofMexico that lies between the southern end of the Everglades (n.沼泽地）and the Florida Keys,it is proving highly controversial. That is because researchers are dividedover whether it will help or hinder the plants and animals that live in thebay.
B What is at risk is the future of the bay’s extensive beds of sea grasses.These grow on the bay’s muddy floor and act as nurseries for the larvae (n.幼虫）of shrimps, lobstersand fish—many of them important sport and commercial fishing species. Also indanger is an impressive range of coral reefs that run the length of the FloridaKeys and form the third-largest barrier reef in the world. Since the 1980s,coral cover has dropped by 40%, and a third of the coral species have gone. Thishas had a damaging effect on the animals that depend on the reef, such ascrabs, turtles and nearly 600 species of fish.
C What is causing such ecological change is a matter of much debate. And theanswer is of no small consequence. This is because the American government isplanning to devote $8 billion over the next 30 years to revitalizing theEverglades. Seasonal freshwater flows into the Everglades are to be restored inorder to improve the region’s health. But they will then run off into the bay.
D Joseph Zeeman, a marine ecologist at the University of Virginia, thinks this isa good idea. He believes that a lack of freshwater in the bay is its mainproblem. The blame, he says, lies with a century of drainage (n.排水系统 ）in the Everglades aimed at turning the marshes intofarmland and areas for development. This has caused the flow of freshwater intoFlorida Bay to dwindle, making the water in the bay, overall, more saline.This, he argues, kills the sea grasses, and as these rot, nutrients arereleased that feed the microscopic plants and animals that live in the water.This, he says, is why the bay’s once crystal-clear waters often resemble a peasoup. And in a vicious circle, these turbid blooms block out sunlight, causingmore sea grasses to die and yet more turbidity.
E Brian Lapointe, a marine scientist at the Harbour Branch Oceanographic Institutionat Fort Pierce in Florida, disagrees. He thinks sea grasses can tolerate much higher levels of salinity than the bay actually displays. Furthermore, he notes that, whenfreshwater flows through the Everglades were increased experimentally in the1990s, it led to massive plankton blooms. Freshwater running off fromwell-fertilized ( 肥沃 的 ）farmlands, he says,caused a fivefold rise in nitrogen levels in the bay. This was like pouringfuel on a fire. The result was mass mortality of sea grasses because ofincreased turbidity (n. 浑池度）from the plankton. Dr Lapointe adds that, because coralsthrive only in waters where nutrient levels are low, restoring freshwater richin nitrogen will do more damage to the reef.
F It is a plausible theory. The water flowing off crops that are grown onthe750,000 acres of heavily fertilized farmland on the northern edge of theEverglades is rich in nitrogen, half of which ends up in the bay. But BillKruczynski, of Amir ice’s Envier on mental Protection Agency, isconvinced that nitrogen from farmlands is not the chief problem. Some coralreefs well away from any nitrogen pollution are dying and, curiously, a few arethriving. Dr Kruczynski thinks that increased nutrients arriving from localsewage discharges from the thousands of cesspits (污水坑）along the Florida Keysare part of the problem.
G Suchclaims and counterclaims make the impact of the restoration plandifficultto predict. If increased salinity is the main problem, the bay’secology will benefit from the Everglades restoration project. If, however,nitrogen is the problem, increasing the flow of freshwater could mate mattersmuch worse.
H If this second hypothesis proves correct, the cure is to remove nitrogen fromfarmland or sewage discharges (n.卸下， 解 雇 ）, or perhaps both. Neither will be easy. Man-made wetlands,at present being built to reduce phosphate (磷化物) run off into the bay—also from fertilisers—would need analgal culture (a sort of contained algal bloom) added to them to deal withdischarges from farmlands. That would be costly. So too would be thereplacement of cesspits with proper sewerage—one estimate puts the cost at$650m. Either way, it is clear that when, on December 1st, 3,000 square milesof sea around the reef are designated as a “protective zone”by the deputysecretary of commerce, Sam Bodman, this will do nothing to protect the reeffrom pollution.
I Some argue, though, that there is a more fundamental flaw in the plans forthe bay: the very idea of returning it to a Utopian ideal before man wroughthis damage. Nobody knows what Florida Bay was like before the 1950s, whenengineers cut the largest canals in the Everglades and took most of the wateraway. Dr Kruczynski suspects it was more like an estuary (江海口）The bay that manypeople wish to re-create could have been nothing more than a changing phase inthe bay’s history.
J These arguments do not merely threaten to create ecological problems but economic ones as well. Theeconomy of the Florida Keys depends on tourism—the local tourist industry hasan annual turnover of $2.5 billion. People come for fishing-boat trips, formanatee watching, or for scuba diving and snorkeling (浮潜）to view the exoticallycoloured corals. If the plan to restore the Everglades makes problems in thebay and the reef worse, it could prove a very expensive mistake.
Questions 1-4.................................................................................
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-J.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-J, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 See grass turned to be more resistant to the saline water level in the Bay.
2 Mentioned of a costly project which may be futile.
3 Financial problems raised upon de-phosphate from fertilizer.
4 An alarming fact that both the coral area and species greatly dropped inFlorida
keys
Questions 5-8 .................................................................................
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) withopinions ordeeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 5-8 on youranswer sheet.
A Bill Kruczynski
B Brian Lapointe
C Joseph Zieman
5 Drainage system in everglades actually results in high salty water inthe bay.
6 Restoring water high in nitrogen level will make more ecological side effect
7 High nitrogen levels may be caused by the nearby farmland.
8 Released sewage instead of agricultural area increase the level of Nitrogen.
Questions 9-13...............................................................................
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage2
In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the sataement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
9 Everyone agree with “pouring water into sea is harmless enough”even in
Florida Bay area.
10 Nitrogen was poured in from different types of crops as water flowsthrough.
11 Everglade restoration project can be effective regardless thecause of the pollution.
12 Human has changed Florida Bay where old image is unrecalled.
13 Tourism contributes fundamentally to the Florida Bay area.
参考答案：
1 .E 2. C 3. H 4. B 5.C 6.B 7 .B 8 .A 9 .FALSE 10. NOT GIVEN 11. FALSE 12 .TRUE 13 .TRUE 回忆5： 听力
Section 1 enquiry on a nursery
1. Short days: $37.50 for children under two years old
2. Free caring: offer 20 hours every week
3. Children can enjoy outdoor activities on a playground
4. Most of the teachers have previously worked in a primary school
5. Parents will receive a report on a weekly basis
6. The earliest month the two children can join is September
7. Needs to bring apron
8. Should also bring a family photo for kids to avoid homesick
9. A medical certificate from a doctor is required
10. Location: Calliope Avenue
Section 2 a tourist tower
11. Where should they meet after the tour: C back entrance
12. ****
13. What do people think of the tower: C landmark
14. What was the tower used to be: B communication center
15. From the glasses ground, you can have a good view
16. You can have meals and rest in the restaurant. Outdoor you can see an art gallery
17. There is a post, where you can send posters to family
18. There is a weather observing station if you are interested in meteorology
19. The other one is a indoor platform
20. There is a cinema, where you can watch some exciting films
Section 4 plastic manufacturing
11. People use cotton and acid to produce plastic
12. Plastic is commonly found on products such as detergent bottles, milk jugs
13. It is used to produce artificial silk
14. Cellulose is not like real plastic because it becomes hard when heated
15. First plastic was invented in a laboratory
16. A chemist named Alexander Parker developed it
17. Plastic can be produced by collecting recycled pens
18. One disadvantage is that plastic produces gas when it is burnt
19. Research has shown that plastic decomposes by the light
20. Natural wood no longer has a stranglehold on rubber products
回忆6： 阅读 第二篇：Elephant communication（大象交流感知声音） 文章大意：讲的是大象的身体构造以及它独特的沟通方式，对来自不同方面的刺激它的反应时不一样的，科家学还未把大象的“语言”研究透彻。 最早并不知道大象还会用超声波传递信息（高频声波和低频声波什么的），一个女学士去考察的时候发现大象鼻子老是要到地上嗅嗅什么的，很奇怪，她就想到她做过的一个报告说一种什么虫子是通过脚在地方蹭啊蹭就能感知信号，所以联想起来觉得大象大概也有特别的传递方式，后面说很多科学家做的实验。先说它们可以用这种方式吸引异性，mating，然后说他们可以用这种方式感知和发动危险信号，接着说如果给出不同的recording，有些他们会恐惧有些不会，说明他们能分辨不同大象的信号，还有一点说breeding的。A A postdoctoral fellow at StanfordUniversity, O’Connell-Rodwellhas come to Namibia’s premiere wildlife sanctuary ( 保护地）to explore the mysterious and complex world of elephantcommunication. She and her colleagues are part of a scientific revolution thatbegan nearly two decades ago with the stunning revelation that elephantscommunicate over long distances using lowfrequency sounds, also calledinfrasounds ( 次级声波)，that are too deep to be heard bymost humans. B As might be expected, the African elephant’s ability to sense seismic (地震的） sound may begin in the ears.The hammer bone ( 锤骨）of the elephant’s inner ear is proportionally very large for a mammal, but typicalfor animals that use vibrational signals. It may therefore be a sign thatelephants can communicate with seismic sounds. Also, the elephant and itsrelative the manatee are unique among mammals (哺乳动物)in having reverted to a reptilian-like cochlear (耳蜗的）structure in the inner ear. Thecochlea of reptiles ( 爬行动物)facilitates a keen sensitivity to vibrations ( 震动)and may do the same in elephants. C But other aspects of elephant anatomy ( 解剖）also support that ability. First,their enormous bodies, which allow them to generate low-frequency ( 低音频的） sounds almost as powerful asthose of a jet takeoff ( 飞机起飞）， provide ideal frames for receiving ground vibrations and conductingthem to the inner ear. Second, the elephant’s toe bones rest on a fatty pad that might help focus vibrations fromthe ground into the bone. Finally, the elephant’s enormous brain lies in the cranial cavity ( 颅腔）behind the eyes in line with theauditory canal ( 耳道）.The frontof the skull is riddled with sinus cavities that may function as resonatingchambers for vibrations from the ground. D How the elephants sense these vibrations isstill unknown, but O’Connell- Rodwell who just earned a graduate degree in entomology ( 昆虫学）at the University of Hawaii atManoa, suspects the pachyderms ( 迟迟的大家伙）are“listening” with their trunks and feet. Thetrunk may be the most versatile ( 多才艺的）appendage ( 附属物）in nature. Its uses include drinking, bathing, smelling, feeding and scratching. Bothtrunk and feet contain two kinds of pressure-sensitive nerve endings— one that detects infrasonicvibrations and another that responds to vibrations with slightly higherfrequencies. For O’Connell-Rodwell, the future of the research is boundless andunpredictable:“Our work isreally at the interface of geophysics, neurophysiology ( 神经心理学）and ecology,” she says. “We’re asking questions that no one has really dealt with before.” E Scientists have long known that seismiccommunication is common in small animals, including spiders, scorpions ( 蝎子） ，insects and a number of vertebrate species ( 脊椎动物）such as white-lipped frogs,blind mole rats ( 鼹鼠），kangaroo rats and golden moles. They also have found evidence ofseismicsensitivity in elephant seals— 2-ton marine mammals that are not related toelephants. But O’ Connell-Rod well was the first tosuggest that a large land animal also is sending and receiving seismicmessages. O’ Connell-Rodwell noticed something about the freezing behavior of Etosha’s six-ton bulls that reminded herof the tiny insects back in her lab. “I did my masters thesis on seismic communication in planthoppers,” she says‘. I’d put a male planthopper ( 蜡蝉）on a stem and play back a female call, and the male would do thesame thing the elephants were doing: He would freeze, then press down on hislegs, go forward a little bit, then freeze again. It was just so fascinating tome, and it’s what got meto think, maybe there’s something else going on other than acoustic communication.” F Scientists have determined that an elephant’s ability to communicate over longdistances is essential for its survival, particularly in a place like Etosha, wheremore than 2,400 savanna elephants range over an area larger than New Jersey.The difficulty of finding a mate in this vast wilderness is compounded by ( 由... 组成）elephant reproductive ( 繁殖的） biology. Females breed only when in estrus ( 发情期）— a period of sexual arousalthat occurs every two years and lasts just a few days. “Females in estrus make these verylow, long calls that bulls home in on, because it’s such a rare event/’ O’Connell-Rodwellsays. These powerful estrus calls carry more than two miles in the air and may beaccompanied by long-distance seismic signals, she adds. Breeding herds also uselow-frequency vocalizations ( 发出的声音）to warn of predators ( 捕食者）. Adult bulls and cows have no enemies, except for humans, but youngelephants are susceptible to attacks by lions and hyenas. When a predator appears,older members of the herd emit intense warning calls that prompt the rest ofthe herd to clump together ( 聚集成团）for protection, then flee ( 逃跑). In 1994, O’Connell-Rodwell recorded the dramatic cries of a breeding herdthreatened by lions at Mushara. “The elephants got really scared, and the matriarch ( 象群首领）made these very powerfulwarning calls, and then the herd took off screaming and trumpeting ( 发喇叭声）,” she recalls. “Since then, every time we’ve played that particular call at the water hole, we get the sameresponse — theelephants take off.” G Reacting to a warning call played in theair is one thing, but could the elephants detect calls transmitted only throughthe ground? To find out, the research team in 2002 devi s ed an expe r iment using electronic equipment that allowed them to send signals through the groundat Mushara. The results of our 2002 study showed us that elephants do indeeddetect warning calls played through the ground,” O’Connell-Rodwell observes. “We expected them to clump up into tight groups and leave the area,and that’s in factwhat they did. But since we only played back one type of call, we couldn’t really say whether they wereinterpreting it correctly. Maybe they thought it was a vehicle or somethingstrange instead of a predator warning. H An experiment last year was designed tosolve that problem by using three different recordings— the 1994 warning call fromMushara, an anti-predator call recorded by scientist Joyce Poole in Kenya and an artificial warble tone ( 人造 颤音）. Although still analyzing data from this experiment, O’Connell-Rodwell is able to make afew preliminary observations: “The data I’ve seen so far suggest that the elephants were responding like I hadexpected. When the‘ 94 warning call was played back, they tended to clump together andleave the water hole sooner. But what’s really interesting is that the unfamiliar anti-predator call fromKenya also caused them to clump up, get nervous and aggressively rumble— but they didn’t necessarily leave. I didn’t think it was going to be thatclear cut( 清晰的).”
A段 介绍研究大象交流的背景 斯坦福大学的博士后研究员CR到纳米比亚野生动物保护地去研究大象交流。她和同伴惊讶的发现了大象使用低频率的声音来进行长距离交流，这种低频的声音叫做次级声波，很难被大部分人听到。 B段 非洲大象对震动的感知开始于耳朵。讲了几种耳朵结构。 28.内耳的锤hammer骨，对于一些使用震动信号的动物来说刚刚好。 C段 讲了大象身体其他方面的剖析也支持这种能力。 29.庞大的身躯 body（注意题目是an extremely____） 30.脚趾骨头下的脚板 pad 31.头骨的前面有很多的洞cavities D段 大象如何感觉这种震动还不得而知，介绍了象鼻的一些功能，包括喝水，洗澡等等。象鼻和脚包括两种感知压力的神经末梢。 32.但是CR怀疑这个家伙使用他们的象鼻和脚trunks and feet在“听”。 33.一种是能检测到infrasonic震动，另一种回应震动。 34.大象感觉这种震动可能涉及到神经学、生态学ecology等等。 E 科学家认为震动交流在一些动物中十分常见，列举了一些动物。 35.但是CR是第一个认为大型的陆地动物同样会发出和接收震动信息seismic messages。 36.她在实验室里研究蜡蝉。蜡蝉的行为让她觉得不是动物的声通讯acoustic communication而是其他原因。 F 大象长距离的交流对于他们的生存至关重要。 37.当寻找配偶mate或者警告捕食者的时候，大象这种长距离交流的能力显得尤为重要。 G段 2002一项实验研究大象是不是能够发现来自地面传来的声音。 39.结果是大象可以检测到来自地面ground的警告声音。但是研究人员只发出了一种类型的声音，所以不能知道他们是不是正确的理解了这种声音。 39.当捕食者如狮子出现时，象群会发出警告（39A），让其他象群聚集在一起保护自己，然后逃跑。 H段 讲了去年的一项实验为了解决声音单一的问题，使用了三种不同的录音。大象都会如期的回应。94年的警告录音会使大象聚集在一起，然后离开。有趣的是，另外一种anti-predator call使大象紧张不安，但是并没有离开。我不认为这个结论很清晰。 40.作者的观点是：研究结果不能确定或是不准确C） 回忆7： 回忆8： 回忆9： 回忆10：
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