回忆1：
Reading
求！补！充！
1、文艺复兴，讲V这个人对艺术的分类及解读，他的主要观点就是偏爱高大上的艺术形式，瞧不起那些手工东西。
2、plan succession
3、农业历史上不同性别的分工
4、欧洲活字印刷
回忆2：
独立写作（重复2016年10月12日真题）
In their free time, young people (age14-18) spend time taking part in different activities such as music lessons or competitive sports. Some young people diverse their time in other kinds of activities. But other young people will spend most of their time focusing on just one activity that is important for them. Which approach do you think is better?
综合写作（重复2011年3月12日真题）
金字塔不是made out of caving nature stone ,but of limestone
阅读部分：
1.古埃及的花瓶就不是用石头刻的，是用limestone concret倒进模子里面的
2. researchers 在建金字塔的材料里面发现tiny bubbles ，这些tiny bubbles在nature stone 里面是找不到的
3. 金字塔里面的湿度很大，说明是金字塔的材料蒸发出来的moisture inside champers of the pyramids are released from concrete
听力部分：反驳
1. 花瓶的制作方法不能代表其他东西的peole can cut rock into half and make special shapes, then glue them
2. butbbles come from concrete, but that concrete repair the pyramids later since they built over 4000 years ago
3. moisture is left by vistitors
回忆3：
独立写作：（重复2016年10月12日真题）
In their free time, young people (age14-18) spend time taking part in different activities such as music lessons or competitive sports. Some young people diverse their time in other kinds of activities. But other young people will spend most of their time focusing on just one activity that is important for them. Which approach do you think is better?
综合写作：（重复2011年3月12日真题）
金字塔不是made out of caving nature stone ,but of limestone
阅读部分：
1.古埃及的花瓶就不是用石头刻的，是用limestone concret倒进模子里面的
2. researchers 在建金字塔的材料里面发现tiny bubbles ，这些tiny bubbles在nature stone 里面是找不到的
3. 金字塔里面的湿度很大，说明是金字塔的材料蒸发出来的moisture inside champers of the pyramids are released from concrete
听力部分：反驳
1. 花瓶的制作方法不能代表其他东西的peole can cut rock into half and make special shapes, then glue them
2. butbbles come from concrete, but that concrete repair the pyramids later since they built over 4000 years ago
3. moisture is left by vistitors
回忆4：
独立口语：
Task1：Some college students take classes during the summer. Others take the summer off from school, so that they can rest or work. Which do you think is better and explain why.
综合口语：
Task 2（ 复用2019.9.21旧题）
阅读：学校在宿舍区给学生提供健身
听力：同意
原因1：方便早起锻炼，有利于运动
原因2：可以认识许多不同专业的同学，有利于社交
Task 3
population bottleneck
物种人口会降低，从之前很多到一个小的人口数量。教授说土豆，当欧洲人来了之后，他们只选择性的带一些回去，然后有fungus 出现，这些土豆好像就也容易遭受细菌感染，就会造成食物短缺（听的有点抽象）
Task 4
公司更换包装的两个原因
原因1：现在有新技术了
原因2：为了和其他公司竞争
回忆5：
听力部分
Conversation：
1、学生和老师讨论做国家的economy history的paper
2、计算机专业的学生去面试
3、 一个学生要参加画展，他的画要被展示，老师给了建议
4、 给找兼职的学生介绍工作内容
5、天文学专业的学生把自己做的短袖设计图拿到学校办公室想要做出来。
Lecture：
1、fast food兴衰史：自助机的发展，因人口转移，新的快餐出现，自助机衰败
2、bird feed collector
3、natural gas
4、地中海移民
5、艺术。讲了HPR这个人，研究摄影技术，他想摄影技术反应真实感，然后他就开始copy imitate 那些比较好的画作，从而表达照片的真实感。
6、天文。开头先回忆一下jupitor 的Great red spot 然后开始讲jupitor 的Great cold spot .讲的时候先把他们两个进行对比了。
回忆6：
阅读部分
1、历史上男女的农业分工
2、某个人对艺术的偏好
3、plan succession
4、文艺复兴
5、活字印刷在古代欧洲的发展
6、Versia , Renaissance 标题大概是这个，V这个人对艺术的分类及解读，他的主要观点就是偏爱高大上的艺术形式，瞧不起那些手工东西。
7、Echolocation of bats(6月24日那周家庭版原题)，蝙蝠的回声系统 有关于赫兹频率和几种特点 这篇简单。
8、劳动力分配的问题：按照性别进行劳动分配。女子主要负责收集食物，从而导致很多人认为女子也会种庄稼。
9、有个词是conflict
回忆7：
阅读
01
The Development of Ideas about the Moon’s Surface
月球表面撞击坑的研究
2019.03.30，2018.01.28，2017.09.23，2015.11.14
不同年代的不同科学家提出的不同理论(theory)，总体围绕弹坑是由陨石撞击(meteoriteimpact)还是由火山活动(volcanism)造成的。一个地理学家认为月球上的环形山（lunar crater）是由陨石撞击而成，并且通过做实验去验证，中间涉及一些科学实验方法：比如模拟(mimic)陨石撞击，用铅球(lead)撞击粘土(clay)；振动曲线表明撞击不是椭圆形(ellipse)，而无论从何角度都是圆形(circle)等等。但是他的实验有致命的缺陷，并且后来发现这个结论与实际不符合。后来，他又推测crater是由于moon下面蕴藏的火山爆发形成，后来经过科学家与地球上的坑做对比以及借助摄影家在月球上的照片和探查发现moon地下有足够的空间来孕育火山，而且lava在那个时候也足够热能融化石头。同时，还对月海(Maria:a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon)的来源做了讨论。最终得出结论坑是由于陨石撞击导致的，月海是火山活动带来的。
Vocabulary Card
mimic = reproduce 模仿，再次产生
initially = at first一开始，起初
conventional = standard 惯例的
vast = huge 巨大的
开篇解析 ●●
看到标题料想文章的研究对象是月球表面。月球表面有什么呢？首句：From the time of the invention of the telescope to the first Moon landings, the characteristic surface of the Moon was the subject of speculation. 虚的，没有实际内容，月球表面到底有什么？是怎么产生的？
第2句：In 1892 geologist G K Gilbert interpreted detailed observations of the Moon as signifying that the lunar craters are the result of meteorite impacts.月球表面有陨石撞击产生的陨石坑。
第3句：He performed experiments by…他通过做试验得到这样的结论。但真实情况和实验室试验相符吗？
第4句：But firing lead shot into clay does not accurately mimic the tremendous energy released during a large impact, so experimental investigations were of limited value.确实实验室试验是有问题的，有局限性。那月球表面的坑到底是怎么产生的？自动引向下文。
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TOPIC
【月球】话题
2019.02.24，2017.11.25
Moonquake 月球地震
主要有三种，第一种是surface地震，由月球表面的一些因素决定的；第二种是像地球一样岩浆爆发，是和地球磁场造成的；最后一种是深层地震Deep moonquakes，由外来物体撞击造成的，这种揭示了它内部的构造，包括月幔，月核，它的地心比地幔软，但应该是固体。
2018.01.06
地球与月球的起源
地球与月球在形成的时期，周围漂浮着很多星际尘埃，直到地球达到现在的体积，仍然有很多尘埃存在，并且撞向地球和月亮，在表面造成了很多陨石坑，科学家通过这些陨石坑推测出了天体的地质年代。地球上看不到这些陨石坑是因为地震等地质活动，但是仍然有少量的陨石坑可以被找到。
02
The Gender Roles of Early Horticulture and Agriculture
性别在农业社会中的作用
2018.11.04，2015.10.11，2018.07.08
性别在农业社会中的作用，男女分工和社会地位。女人主要种植，男人打猎，养牛（cattle）之类的牲畜，产生副产品，女人可以一边纺织一边看小孩。随着犁（plow）的流入，男人逐渐开始主导farming，作为对比，有的坚持园艺学（horticulture）的地方还是女人种植。后来农场主渐渐都让儿子继承了，因为年轻的男人可以分担农活。
Vocabulary Card
oversee = supervise 监督
subsequent = later 随后的
harsh = severe 严重的
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【性别】话题
2019.12.14
南美洲农业刀耕火种和男女分工
2019.12.07，2019.08.25，2018.10.21，2017.10.15
欧洲殖民者与美国本土（印第安）的文化差异
欧洲移民和美国本土居民(native American)的区别。首先是欧洲人比较注重个体利益，像是法院等一些社会组织都是出于保护个人利益而设立的。土地对于阶级的诞生非常重要，少数精英拥有大量的土地。接着就讲了美国土著很看重集体利益，所以他们都比较重视勇气，而不是个人得失。美国的土著文明是建立在母系社会的基础上，而且无论在家里还是外面，女性的地位都很高，不像欧洲女子无法涉足政治。美国土著对于贸易的理解，不仅限于交易，其中包含着复杂的仪式，含有很多除商业以外的社会意义。而欧洲资本家，都是把交易当作贸易。这导致二者交往中产生一定的误解。
03
Art and Culture of Pacific Northwest Communities
太平洋西北群落的艺术和文化
2019.12.07，2019.10.19，2018.12.15，2015.03.07，2013.01.27，2012.07.22
美洲某一个文明。第一段介绍了文明出现的有利条件：人们不种地不驯养动物，而是gather和hunter。这个地方资源丰富，有天然山脉抵挡敌人等等。第二段说这里发展出了几种文明，他们互不相通语言。第三段说某个部落以亲属关系为联系，没有发展出独立的集权制度（出细节题）， 靠的是几个家庭的管理。第三段介绍了一个有名的艺术品。一个柱子。这个柱子介绍了家族的历史和地位（出细节题），有一些动物装饰纹案。第四段介绍了另一个艺术品，一个面具。 这个面具有很多造型，尽管发展出了传统纹饰但是每个面具都不一样。第五段说面具会因为使用目的不同而变化，有些是为了纪念家族祖先，有些带动物的是为了精神图腾。尽管每个地方都有 不同的面具，但是因为这些面具因为战争贸易等原因，被带离原地，所以难以确定他们的来源（考了简化题）。
Vocabulary Card
diffusion = spread 消散
autonomous = independent 自主的
obligated = required 有义务的
真题原文
Art and Culture of Pacific Northwest Communities
The 1,600-kilometer stretch of the northwestern Pacific coast of North America (from southern Alaska to Washington State) provided an ideal environment for the growth of stable communities. Despite the northerly latitude, the climate is temperate. Natural resources were originally so rich that the inhabitants could subsist by fishing and hunting and gathering, without the need to domesticate stock or cultivate the land. Forests yielded an abundance of wood for buildings, for boats, and for sculpture. Beyond them the Rocky Mountains were an impenetrable barrier against raids. The area appears to have been settled around 500 A.D. by tribes of diverse origins speaking mutually unintelligible languages: from north to south they include the Tlingit, the Haida, the Tsimshian, the Bella Coola, the Kwakiutl, and the Nootka. The culture to which they contributed has, nevertheless, an underlying homogeneity and a distinct visual character.
The peoples of the Northwest engaged in trade as well as warfare with one another, and this may account for the diffusion of cultural traits and artistic motifs throughout the area. Much of their art was concerned with religious ritual objects. But the rest is secular and springs from a preoccupation with the hereditary basis of their complex social structures.
The Tlingit and other nations or language groups were collections of autonomous village communities composed of one or more families, each with its own chief, who inherited his position through matrilineal descent. They had no centralized political or religious organization, but cohesion was given by extensive kinship networks established through marriage, and men and women were obliged to many outside the larger divisions of clans and moieties (tribal subdivisions) into which they were born and into which the social group was divided by matrilineal or patrilineal descent. Thus families built up riches by marriage without any one family acquiring a dominant position.
Totem poles (see figure below), the most distinctive artistic product of the Northwest, were conspicuous declarations of prestige and of the genealogy (family history) by which it had been attained. These magnificent sculptures that probably originated as funerary monuments were first described by travelers in the late eighteenth century. Each one was carved from a single trunk of cedar, and the increasing availability of metal tools both permitted and encouraged more complex compositions and greater height—up to 27.4 meters. Their superimposed figures—eagles, beavers, whales, and so on—were crests (symbols of identity) that a chief inherited from his lineage, his clan, and his moiety. They were not objects of worship, though the animals carved on them might represent guardian spirits. Poles were designed according to a governing principle of bilateral symmetry, with their various elements interlocked so that they seem to grow organically out of one another, creating a unity of symbolism, form, and surface.
■Masks (see figure above) are the most varied of the carvings from the Northwest, where they were an essential part of communal life. ■In style they range from an almost abstract symbolism to combinations of human and animal features and to a lifelike naturalism sometimes bordering on caricature (a style that strongly exaggerates features or characteristics), taken to its extreme in Tlingit war helmets. Some differences must have been due to those among the cultures in which they were created, but their place of origin cannot always be ascertained as they seem to have passed from one contiguous nation to another in the course of trade or warfare. ■Although carvers worked according to established conventions, no two masks are identical and those with basic similarities reveal varying degrees of skill.■
The major differences between masks were determined by their purpose. Some were representations of chiefs and their ancestors and made to be displayed and treasured as heirlooms. Although they appear to record the styles of facial tattooing customary in different groups, it is difficult to say how far they were intended to be portraits rather than generalized images. Many masks, sometimes quite large, were carved to be worn in dance-dramas that re-enacted and kept alive the cohesive myths of a culture. Often, Tlingit masks were made for religious leaders and incorporated the animals that were believed to be their spirit helpers. Conjuring up forces of nature from the ocean, the forests, or the sky, they mediated between life on Earth and the inscrutable powers around and above.
对答案
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following was NOT one of the factors that made the northwestern Pacific coast perfect for the development of stable communities?
D. Easily cultivated land
2. When the author states that the tribes speak “mutually unintelligible” languages, this means that the tribes
B. cannot understand each other’s languages
3. The word “diffusion” in the passage is closet in meaning to
D. spread
4. According to paragraph 3, what held together the collections of village communities?
B. The establishment of wide kinship networks through marriage
5. The word “autonomous” in the passage is closet in meaning to
C. independent
6. The word “obliged” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. required
7. According to paragraph 4, what was the significance of totem poles in the culture of the northwestern peoples?
A. They showed a family’s status and history.
8. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were true of totem poles EXCEPT:
C. Larger numbers began to be made after metal tools became increasingly available.
9. The author mentions “Tlingit war helmets” in the passage to
B. provide an example of masks representing a stylistic extreme
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Some differences must have been due to those among the cultures in which they were created, but their place of origin cannot always be ascertained as they seem to have passed from one contiguous nation to another in the course of trade or warfare.
Some differences among masks were probably due to their different origins, but because they passed from one nation to another, their origin cannot always be determined.
11. What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about masks representing chiefs and their ancestors?
A.They were made to be exhibited and appreciated rather than used.
12. Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following as purposes of masks EXCEPT:
B.
They were used as models for tattoo artists to copy.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
If we consider 100 raven masks made by different carvers, for example, some will have been well executed, others less so, and one may have been made by an exceptional carver.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. D
14. The peoples who lived along the northwestern coast of North America had stable communities and a distinctive artistic style.
The people lived on food from the sea, animals, and wild plants, and used wood from the forests for building construction, boat making, and sculpture.
In the absence of a central political or religious organization, wide kinship networks established through interclan marriage helped to maintain social cohesion.
The most remarkable artistic products of the northwestern peoples were totem poles and masks, which often represented families and their spirit guides.
04
The Population Increase in Ming Dynasty
中国明朝人口增加的原因
2018.07.14
元朝末年由于战乱，没有充足的食物导致人口下降，后来明初政治稳定了，人们开始广泛应用原有农业技术，粮食又变的富足，人口开始慢慢增加，与此同时人们也可以把一些物料等商品卖到很远的地方。后来由于冰河期的到来，再加上政局不稳，粮食又陷入短缺状态，人口数量开始波动。当时的政府采用两个方法解决问题，一个是从西方进口粮食，一个是改善农业生产技术。可愔并没有解决实质问题。后来随着清军入关，粮食开始慢慢增加，人口也随之渐渐变多。
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TPO48 Chinese Population Growth
05
Echolocation and Flight
蝙蝠的回声定位和飞行
2020.01.12，2019.12.07，2019.09.01，2019.03.03
介绍了蝙蝠利用超声波的事情，还有它们是如何进化的，还有和飞行的关系。
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【蝙蝠】话题
2019.11.16，2018.11.24，2017.04.23，2017.10.21
Bat Diets 蝙蝠的饮食
主要讲了各种不同的bats在饮食结构上的区别，吃的主要有insect，fruits, plants等等，介绍了一种部分bats拥有的获取昆虫的方法：利用回声，但是不是所有昆虫都能用这个方法。比较了不同类型的bats的diet (big and small，the bats flying in the sky and the ones living and waiting nearby).
exceed = be more than超过
supplement = add to补充
composes = makes up组成
2014.06.15
Roosting and the Survival of Bats
栖息地选择与蝙蝠的生存
06
纸张的出现促进活字印刷术的发展
2018.06.23，2016.02.27，2014.06.28
纸张的出现促进活字印刷术的发展。第一段说活字印刷的前提有一点是造纸术，然后说造纸术从中国引进到意大利，然后在意大利这个虽然纸造出来容易受损但是很方便，随后讲了制作的方法。后来这个技术传到了德国。随着商业贸易而加速的都市化中人口识字率的上升进而导致大学的出现和对大量书籍的需求、以及地方性语言的发展导致世俗民众也对大量书籍有需求，最终导致印刷机的出现去使用纸张印刷大量书籍，举例说有一个圣经特别贵只有有钱人有地位的人才能买一共只生产了180多本。
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【印刷与印刷革命】话题解析见
07
Versia对艺术复兴(Renaissance)的看法
2020.01.04，2018.09.15
V这个人对艺术的分类及解读，他的主要观点就是偏爱高大上的艺术形式，瞧不起那些手工艺品。他自己创造的一套分类的方式，这套分类的方式影响了很多艺术的领域也包含手工艺品的领域。
08
鹿角的作用
2019.11.10，2019.05.04
鹿角是用来做什么的，有5个假说，前四个都被否定了，包括为了散热、对抗predator、吸引异性mating还有象征地位，第五个假说比较可信，是因为polygamous的mate-mate combat才进化出来的。
英联全球雅思托福英语Q1 22:45:09
09
Forest Succession
森林演替
真题原文
Forest Succession
Succession is a continuous change in the species composition, structure, and function of a forest through time following disturbance. Each stage of succession is referred to as a successional sere. The final stage of succession, which is generally self-replacing, is referred to as the climax sere. There are two major types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession is the establishment of vegetation on bare rocks or radically disturbed soil. Secondary succession is the reestablishment of vegetation following a disturbance that killed or removed the vegetation but did not greatly affect the soil. Volcanic eruptions, retreating glaciers, and bare sand dunes are examples of sites subject to primary succession, while clear-cutting of forests, wild fires, and hurricanes are examples of sites subject to secondary succession. Hundreds to thousands of years are required for primary succession to reach the climax sere, compared to decades to hundreds of years for it to occur in secondary succession. A longer time is needed to reach the climax sere for primary than secondary succession because soil development must first take place in primary succession. The rate of succession is dependent upon the extent of the disturbance and the availability of appropriate seeds for recolonization.
What morphological (structural) and ecophysiological characteristics determine the species composition and abundance in succession? In general, nitrogen fixing plants (plants that can make use of atmospheric nitrogen) are important early succession species in primary succession because nitrogen is not derived from the weathering of rock and little or no organic matter is present in the soil. Weedy plants are common early successional species because of their rapid growth and high reproductive rates, while stress-tolerant species are common late successional species.
The structure of a forest changes as well in secondary succession. Depending on the type and the severity of the disturbance, a moderate to large amount of dead organic matter from the previous forest remains on the site immediately from the disturbance. The leaf area of the forest is at a minimum and slowly increases as new vegetation occupies the site. Following a disturbance, such as a fire, the new canopy (the uppermost spreading and branching layer of a forest) is largely composed of similar-aged, or even-aged, trees. Light, nutrient, and water availability are highest during the early successional sere because the vegetation has not completely occupied the site. Canopy closure, or maximum leaf area, can occur within several years after disturbance in some tropical forests, but may take three to fifty years in evergreen forests.
In the second stage of forest development there is tree mortality caused by competition for light, nutrients and water. The intense intraspecies (within a species) and interspecies (between species) competition for light, nutrients and water induces the mortality of plants that are shaded or have one or more life-history characteristics that are not well adapted to the changing environment. The third stage of forest development is characterized by openings in the overstory canopy, caused by tree mortality, and the renewed growth of understory in response to increased light reaching the forest floor. Consequently, the forest canopy becomes more complex, or multilayered. The final stage of forest development, the climax or old growth stage, is characterized by a species composition that in theory can continue to replace itself unless a catastrophic disturbance occurs. Unique characteristics of old growth forests include large accumulation of standing and fallen dead trees--referred to as coarse woody debris. Also, the annual input of forest litter is dominated by coarse woody debris compared to the earlier stages of forest development, when leaf and fine root debris were the dominant sources of nutrients and organic matter input into the soil.
Some ecosystems may never reach the latter stages of succession if natural disturbances (fire, flooding, hurricanes, etc) are frequent. A pyric climax refers to an ecosystem that never reaches the potential climax vegetation defined by climate because of frequent fires. The ecotone, a boundary, between grassland and forest is a pyric climax, and only with fire suppression have woodlands and forests began to advance into these regions.
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conflict = friction 冲突
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2020年8月22日托福IBT考试总体反馈-重磅来袭！2020年8月22日托福命中多篇阅读真题原题（大部分都是阅读旧题原题），命中口语、听力各四到五部分，命中独立和综合大作文真题原题（都是旧题），总体稍难，CPU资料阅读、写作、听力、口语等全面大中，全面开花！8月22日的托福考试，依然是几套试卷组合，这种模式会一直持续下去。今年托福考试几大特点：（1）听力、口语、写作、阅读老题重复量巨大。（3）在大部分考试中，写作听力一直是四项难度最大，并且对话难度超过讲座）（4）阅读、独立和综合写作重复老题，是我们TOEFL CPU资料里面的。8月22日托福考试大部分题目都在我们CPU资料原题命中！祝贺CPU会员将出现不少100-110分以上托福天才！本次考试听力阅读里大多是老题，仍然大量重复2014-2019年的老题，尤其是我们CPU托福资料的真题。今天口语和写作也是老题居多。ETS今年虽然在考试形式上变化很多，但其实使用的新题非常少，大都是在重复2014-2019年大陆考过的新题。这一方面说明，ETS出题成本太高（80万美金一套），所以出题量小。另一方面说明，托福考试的整体趋势还是稳定的。形式上的变化（多套试卷，阅读加试，听力非经典加试），并不能改变这个考试的内在。今天听力，口语，阅读和写作都重复老题。总体反馈请复制链接进入
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发表于 2020-8-28 22:48:19
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