Storytelling, From Prehistorie Caves To Modern Cinemas
讲故事，从史前洞穴到现代影院
原文：
A
It was told, we suppose, to people crouched around a fire: a tale of adventure, most likely-relating some close encounter with death; a remarkable hunt, an escape from mortal danger; a vision, or something else out of the ordinary. Whatever its thread, the weaving of this story was done with a prime purpose. The listeners must be kept listening. They must not fall asleep. So. as the story went on, its audience should be sustained by one question above all. What happens next?
B
The first fireside stories in human history can never be known. They were kept in the heads of those who told them. This method of storage is not necessarily inefficient. From documented oral traditions in Australia, the Balkans and other parts of the world we know that specialised storytellers and poets can recite from memory literally thousands of lines, in verse or prose, verbatim-word for word. But while memory is rightly considered an art in itself, it is clear that a primary purpose of making symbols is to have a system of reminders or mnemonic cues-signs that assist us to recall certain information in the mind's eye.
C
In some Polynesian communities a notched memory stick may help to guide a storyteller through successive stages of recitation. But in other parts of the world, the activity of storytelling historically resulted in the development or even the invention of writing systems. One theory about the arrival of literacy in ancient Greece, for example, argues that the epic tales about the Trojan War and the wanderings of Odysseus-traditionally attributed to Homer-were just so enchanting to hear that they had to be preserved. So the Greeks, c. 750-700BC, borrowed an alphabet from their neighbors in the eastern Mediterranean, the Phoenicians.
D
The custom of recording stories on parchment and other materials can be traced in many manifestations around the world, from the priestly papyrus archives of ancient Egypt to the birch-bark scrolls on which the North American Ojibway Indians set down their creation- myth. It is a well-tried and universal practice: so much so that to this day storytime is probably most often associated with words on paper. The formal practice of narrating a story aloud would seem-so we assume-to have given way to newspapers, novels and comic strips. This, however, is not the case. Statistically it is doubtful that the majority of humans currently rely upon the written word to get access to stories. So what is the alternative source?
E
Each year,over 7 billion people will go to watch the latest offering from Hollywoodt Bollywood and beyond. The supreme storyteller of today is cinema. The movies, as distinct from stilt photography, seem to be an essentially modem phenomenon. This is an illusion, for there are, as we shall see. certain ways in which the medium of film is indebted to very old precedents of arranging “sequences” of images. But any account of visual storytelling must begin with the recognition that all storytelling beats with a deeply atavistic pulse: that is,a 'good story' relies upon formal patterns of plot and characterisation that have been embedded in the practice of storytelling over many generations.
F
Thousands of scripts arrive every week at the offices of the major film studios. But aspiring screenwriters really need look no further for essential advice than the fourth-century BC Greek Philosopher Aristotle. He left some incomplete lecture notes on the art of telling stories in various literary and dramatic modes, a slim volume known as The Poetics. Though he can never have envisaged the popcorn-fuelled actuality of a multiplex cinema, Aristotle is almost prescient about the key elements required to get the crowds flocking to such a cultural hub. He analyzed the process with cool rationalism. When a story enchants us, we lose the sense of where we are; we are drawn into the story so thoroughly that we forget it is a story being told. This is?in Aristotle's phrase, the suspension of disbelief.
G
We know the feeling. If ever we have stayed in our seats, stunned with gnef,as the credits roll by, or for days after seeing that vivid evocation of horror have been nervous about taking a shower at home, then we have suspended disbelief. We have been caught, or captivated, in the storyteller's web. Did it all really happen? We realty thought so~for a while. Aristotle must have witnessed often enough this suspension of disbelief. He taught at Athens, the city where theater developed a$ a primary form of civic ritual and recreation. Two theatrical types of storytelling, tragedy and comedyt caused Athenian audiences to lose themselves in sadness and laughter respectively. Tragedy, for Aristotle, was particularly potent in its capacity to enlist and then purge the emotions of those watching the story unfold on the stage, so he tried to identify those factors in the storyteller's art that brought about such engagement. He had, as an obvious sample for analysis, not only the fifth- century BC masterpieces of Classical Greek tragedy written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Beyond them stood Homer, whose stories even then had canonical status: The Iliad and The Odyssey were already considered literary landmarks-stories by which all other stories should be measured. So what was the secret of Homer's narrative art?
H
It was not hard to find. Homer created credible heroes. His heroes belonged to the past, they were mighty and magnificent, yet they were not, in the end, fantasy figures. He made his heroes sulk, bicker, cheat and cry. They were, in short, characters~protagonists of a story that an audience would care about, would want to follow, would want to know what happens next. As Aristotle saw, the hero who shows a human side-some flaw or weakness to which mortals are prone~is intrinsically dramatic.
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H， in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 A misunderstanding of how people today get stories
15 The categorisation of stories
16 The fundamental aim of storytelling
17 A description of reciting stories without any assistance
18 How to make story characters attractive
Questions 19-22
Classify the following information as referring to
A adopted the writing system from another country B used organic materials to record stories C used tools to help to tell stories
Write the correct letter, A，B or C in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
19 Egyptians
20 Ojibway
21 Polynesians
22 Greek
Questions 23-26
Complete the sentences below with ONE WORD ONLYfrom the passage. Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
23 Aristotle wrote a book on the art of storytelling called .
24 Aristotle believed the most powerful type of story to move listeners is
25 Aristotle viewed Homer’s works as .
26 Aristotle believed attractive heroes should have some
答案:
14.E 15.G 16.A 17.B 18.H 19.B 20.B 21.C 22.A
23. THE Poetics 24.tragedy 25.landmarks 26.flaw/weakness
Passage3: 现代技术
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发表于 2019-12-28 18:35:36
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