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2017年9月16日托福听说读写真题答案回忆蹲点汇总+解析
回忆1：
口语
Task 1
三选一
政府的钱应该投在哪里，教育？健康？还是宇宙探索领域？
task2
你是否认同随着技术的发展，图书馆将被取代？
Task3
学生希望学校举办二手交易市场，因为省钱和能够腾出储物空间
Task4
两种植物混合种植
Task5
教授答疑时间和学生乐队排练冲突
Task 6
公司如何节约行政经费来盈利
回忆2：
听力
Lecture
1.企业应对危机
2.生物中的共生关系
3.股票
4.澳大利亚频危动物
5.液体对地球的影响
6.诗人
7.除草剂
6.鸟的迁徙
8.tectonic plates
9.罗马的建筑没有完全照搬希腊
Conversation
1.画廊要求女生，但她的作品规格不合，要重新画的时间问题
2.宿舍的建筑材料，两个室友吵架，在宿舍的时间岔开
3.一个是女生要去应聘宿舍管理员
4.讨论学生交的论文
5.女生要申请一个项目需要修够3个核心课程，所以她去找她人类学教授写个推荐信。
回忆3：
阅读
1.地球内部构造
2.寄生虫
3.尼罗河
4.动物交配
5.蜘蛛的颜色隐藏性
6.一个人绘制的地图好多错的信息但是也有好的地方（绘制的方式）
7.New England农业
8.恐龙
9.西班牙人历史
10.一种可能能飞的鸟
11.地球大气层
12.大象次声
13.棉花
14.documenting about incas
15.有机物无机物
16.超声波
回忆4：
独立作文：
Children rely too much on the technology, like computers, smart phones, video games for fun and entertainment. Playing simpler toys or playing outside with friends would be better for children’s development.
综合作文
一个考古学家发现了一个希腊金面具，但是好多人认为是假的。
1.他有造假黑历史，但是教授认为这次有征服监督，不像假的；
2.跟以前挖出来的面具不一样，但教授反驳说之后挖出来了一个差不多的金狮面具；
3.这个考古学家在发掘了之后把遗址关上了很可疑，但是教授反驳说是因为现在觉得可以，但以前这很平常，而且是他发现里面已经没有有价值的文物了。
回忆5：
写作
➤ Writing 1
一个考古学家发现了一个希腊的金面具，但是很多人认为是假的。
1.他有造假黑历史
但教授认为被发现造假后政府拍了监管者，所以不可能再造假了。
2.跟以前挖出来的不一样
教授反驳说之后挖出来了一个差不多的金狮子面具，两个特征差不多，可以认为两个都是老的
3.这个考古学家在发掘之后把遗址关上了很可疑
教授反驳说是因为现在觉得可疑，但这在古代很平常，而且是他已经发现里面没有有价值的文物了。
➤ Writing 2
现在的孩子太依赖科技来娱乐，但是有人认为一些传统玩具或去室外和朋友玩更好。
回忆6：
口语
➤ Task 1
政府应该把钱投给教育、健康还是宇宙探索领域？
➤ Task 2
现在有很多电子读物，你觉得图书馆是否会消失。
➤ Task 3
【阅读】学校搞了二手交易市场，清理学生不需要的东西。
【听力】女生同意并举例。
➤ Task 4
关于两种植物种在一起互相促进生长。
➤ Task 5
【问题】教授的答疑时间和学生乐队排练冲突。
【方案】
1.不去排练；
2.把问题用email发给教授。
➤ Task 6
公司如何节约行政费用来盈利
1.种树遮阴，省下了空调费用；
2.网上会议，省下交通、住宿费。
回忆7：
A卷
The Origin of Flight in Birds重复2016.12.17（年度新题）
Agriculture in Colonial New England重复2016.08.21（年度新题）
Mapping the World重复2017.05.06，2016.10.16
蜘蛛的coloration for prey新题（加试）
B卷
Cotton Ginning and Interchangeable Parts: The Legend of Eli Whitney重复2017.01.14 （年度新题）
Early Research in Organic Chemistry重复2015.11.08，2013.01.26
Elephant use of infrasound 重复2017.05.20，2016.04.09
C卷
Documenting the Incas重复2013.01.12
Earth’s Atmosphere重复2017.03.11C卷，2017.03.04C卷，2015.10.10和2015.01.10
红嘴鸟，不常见但其实种类很多 新题
保护色 新题(加试)
D卷
Exploring Earth’s Interior重复2015.10.25
Dynastic Egypt and Nile Rivers重复2017.05.20（本年度新题）
Mate Choice in Birds重复2017.05.20,2016.05.28和15.10.24
Mites and Their Hosts新题（加试）
【规律提示】
当年考过的新题意义巨大，一定会被重复考查；
ETS将旧题考查日期延伸至2013年（本次有两篇来自2013年，印加和有机化学）；
加试多为新题，考生可根据以上统计，判断自己套题的加试文章及测试题，测试题算分，加试不算分；
考试题材除了保持原有的农业、鸟类、地球大气等常见话题外，引入蜘蛛、螨虫、棉花压扎机等不常见内容。
回忆8：
独立写作
范文：
There is a photo that has been widely spread on Sina Weibo, China’s popular Twitter-like microblogging service. In the picture, several four-or-five-year-old kids sit around the dining table while their parents are chatting with each other. Each of them holds an iPad in hand and is playing the game Angry Birds as if there is nobody around. This indicates a serious issue in today’s society. Children rely too much on technological products for fun and entertainment, which will cause severe problems. I believe that playing with simpler toys or hanging out with friends would be more beneficial for children’s growth.
First of all, it is good for children’s physical health. Playing outside with friends enable the kids to get in touch with the nature and keep away from electronic emission. On the contrary, playing games on smartphones or computers means that the children have to stare at the electronic screen for a long time. The radiation these devices give off is harmful for people’s vision. Plus, the children are still very young. Their visual system is not entirely developed and thus is vulnerable to the radiation. It will probably result in visual fatigue and thus cause shortsightedness. Playing with simpler toys or with friends can avoid this potential harm. Besides, doing some sports outside with friends such as running and playing soccer is good for children’s physical development. Evidence has shown that regular outdoor exercise is an effective way to boost adolescent growth.
Moreover, playing with friends helps develop social and communication skills. When hanging out with friends, it is necessary to communicate with them and respect everyone’s opinion. In the process, one will understand the importance of exchanging ideas and cooperation. One will also learn how to communicate with others in a more effective way. This interpersonal skill plays a vital role in one’s future life and career. However, if the kids only stay at home and play games on computers alone, they will lose the opportunity to interact with others and thus become unsociable.
Granted, the basic knowledge of these technological products is necessary, especially in modern society. However, one can learn about these devices when he or she grows older and becomes more self-controlled. Otherwise, it is likely that the children will have strong dependency on the electronic devices and even become addicted to video games.
To conclude, playing with simpler toys or with friends is much better than staring at the screen of computers and playing games. It not only benefits the children’s physical growth but also helps foster interpersonal skills. (425words)
综合写作 —（重复2015年10月24日）
阅读主要观点提取：
总论点：1876年，一名考古学家S挖掘了一幅黄金面具，并声称它属于古希腊一位著名的国王。然而，另一些考古学家认为这幅面具是个赝品。这副面具很有可能是S这位考古学家雇佣金匠制作出来的。
分论点一：S这位考古学家有过作假的记录。他曾经从别人那儿买过一幅人像，然后将这幅人像放到那时正在挖掘的一个遗址中，并声称自己在遗址发现了一幅人像。
分论点二：S发现的面具和其他古代坟墓中挖掘的面具不太一样。S发现的面具中的嘴唇立体感比较强并且胡须很尖，而其它真的古希腊国王的面具中的嘴唇比较扁平且胡须也并非很尖。
分论点三：S在发现了这个面具后很快关闭了这个遗址，未作进一步研究。一般来说，考古学家在一个遗址中如果发现了一些物品，肯定会作进一步的调研，而S立马关闭了该处遗址，也正说明了他明白这幅面具是假的，所以才未做进一步研究。
听力主要观点提取：
总论点：S挖掘的面具是真的(genuine)，阅读中的提到的论据是不可信的（not convincing）。
分论点一：正由于S曾经有过作假的记录，他发现的物品会被更严格的检查（be closely watched by others）。并且希腊派了专门的人（supervisors）对这处遗址进行严格地监管，S不太可能有机会将这个面具放到该处遗址。
分论点二：虽然这幅面具和大部分的面具不太一样，但是在此处遗址中有一幅面具和S发现的这幅面具很像，都有差不多的嘴唇的轮廓和较尖的胡须，
分论点三：虽然在现在看来，立即关闭那处遗址有些奇怪，但是在那个时代确实可以理解的。就像很多其它考古学家一样，S只关心是否能找到宝贝（treasure hunter），并不关注这些物品背后的文化内涵。但S发现该遗址中已经没有任何珍贵的物品时，他便立即关闭了该遗址。
范文：
The writer presents that there are several factors to demonstrate the mask found by Heinrich Schliemann is a fake. While, the professor proves that the mask is genuine and the arguments in the reading are not convincing.
First, the writer says Schliemann had a history of fake discoveries. However, the professor suggests that because Schliemann had a bad reputation, his discoveries would be examined very closely by others. And there were many Greek supervisors guarded the site. So it was impossible that Schliemann could put the mask into the site without being found.
Second, as for the notable differences between the mask and other genuine ancient Greek masks found in other tombs, the professor points out that an old mask found in the same site was familiar with the mask found by Schliemann. The two masks have similar lines in mouth and sharp beard.
Finally, the lecturer provides a good explanation for Schliemann’s quick close of the site. Different from today’s archeologists, the ancient archeologists were only treasure hunters who just had interests in finding valuable objects and did not care about the culture of the objects. So when Schliemann found the site had no valuable objects, he chose to close the site immediately. (204words)
回忆9：
口语第3题
A student has written a letter to the campus newspaper you will have 45 seconds to read the letter, begin reading now.
Sale for Used Items on Campus
I think it would be great if the university held a sale for used items on campus, where students could sell used items that are in good condition, like books and clothing, to other students. A sale of this type would allow students to buy things they need without spending a lot of money, since used items typically sell for less than new ones. Also, many students' rooms are filled with things they aren't actually using, and this would provide an opportunity for students to sell items they don't need.
Sincerely,
Joe Davis
阅读中提到，提议在学校在校园中举办二手商品买卖活动，供以让学生卖出一些比较新的衣服或者书籍等物。
阅读中提供了两个理由：1. 学生可以借此满足自己所需，并且通过买二手商品省下一大笔钱。 2. 学生也可以通过这个机会卖掉自己寝室中堆积的不需要的杂物，从而腾出更多的生活空间。听力中的女生进一步赞同了这两个理由。
并且通过自己曾经在类似的活动中低价买到了当时很需要的自行车为例子，肯定了第一条论据。接着女生提到了宿舍的储物空间非常有限，而人们又经常舍不得丢掉自己不用的杂物，所以这样的活动可以方便人们处理自己的物品。
因此在答案中，我们先回顾了阅读中的内容，即提议举办二手商品买卖活动以及两个这样做的理由。然后说明听力中的女生的态度，并且展开说明她具体如何支持了阅读中的两个论据。
回忆10:
词汇题答案
回忆11：
综合写作
Reading
Heinrich Schliemann discovered a golden mask of warrior king. He claimed that the golden mask is the Mask of Agamemnon. However, the archaeology industry suspects that the golden mask is a fake. There are three reasons for that.
Firstly, Schliemann has a reputation of faking his discovery and excavation. He used to buy an antique from a craftsman and claim that the item is from ancient Greek until it was identified a fake. Therefore, the golden mask is very suspicious and Schliemann is incredible.
Secondly, some features of the golden mask are different from the authentic golden masks from Ancient Greek. Ancient Greek golden masks have very flat appearance and no pointed hairs. The golden mask of warrior king discovered by Schliemann has very well-defined lips and pointed beard. Therefore, the golden mask is a fake.
Thirdly, Schliemann immediately shut down the site where the golden mask is discovered after he found the golden mask. This is a very suspicious behavior. Usually archeologist will continue to excavate the site in the hope of finding more cultural information about the discovery, such as the historical context and identify whose mask it is. More information about the mask could have been discovered to identify the mask, however, Schliemann close the site in a rush, revealing his afraid of being found that the mask is a fake.
Lecture
Though many archeologists think the golden mask of warrior king is a fake, but I think that is an authentic item from Ancient Greek. There are three reasons to refute the points in the passage.
Firstly, Schliemann did have a reputation of faking discovery and excavation. However, for this mask, it’s not easy to fake. The Greek government is familiar with Schliemann’s reputation of dishonesty and specifically assigned a supervisor to closely supervise and monitor Schliemann’s work of excavation. If Schliemann really cheated on this discovery, it’s hard to do so without being caught by the supervisor.
Secondly, a golden mask of lion from Ancient Greek, which was proved an authentic antique, was compared with the golden mask of warrior king. The golden lion mask also has three-dimensioned lips and nose, and all pointed hair. All the features are comparable to the golden mask of warrior king.
Thirdly, the timing of the site being shut down immediately after the golden mask was discovered can be explained. Schliemann was not a real archeologist but a treasure hunter. It fitted a treasure hunter’s habit to close the site immediately after he depleted all the valuable things in the site. Therefore, Schliemann’s behavior of shutting down the site is not suspicious.
Question: summarize the points in the lecture, make sure how they oppose the specific points in the reading message.
独立写作
Children rely too much on the technology, like computers, smart phones, video games for fun and entertainment. Playing simpler toys or playing outside with friends would be better for children’s development.
回忆12：
口语
Task 1
如果政府要在以下三个领域中投资，你认为哪一个最值得？
1. land exploration
2. education
3. health care
Task 2
Some people think ,with the development of technology and Internet，libraries will disappear，while others think libraries are always necessary. Which one do you agree, and please give specific details to support your opinion.
Task 3
阅读 标题：学校搞二手货交易市场。
原因1：学生买东西可以save money。
原因2：帮助学生清理不需要的东西。
听力态度：女生同意。
原因1：举了自己的例子来说明。在二手交易市场上买东西既节约钱，还让她把宿舍不需要的东西清理掉了，腾出了很多储物空间
Task 4
阅读标题：intercropping
定义：把两种植物种到一起，有利于彼此的生长。
听力 例子：将corn 和 beans种在一起，对两种植物都有利。Beans可以为corn提供氮元素作为养料，而corn长得很高可以支撑beans的生长。
Task 5
问题：男生下周要去找教授答疑，但是答疑的时间变了，和他的排练时间发生了冲突。
解决方案1：不去参加排练。
解决方案2：把问题用e-mail发给教授，然后去参加排练。
Task 6
话题：两种降低行政成本来获得盈利的策略。
要点1：new energy
例子1：种树，可以遮阴避风，可以节约夏天和冬天的能源消耗费用。
要点2：decrease traveling
例子2：通讯时使用网络视频，节省下交通费和住宿费。
回忆13：
听力
Conversation 1 话题分类：student and professor
内容回忆：交叉学科的人类学的论文，学校不然学生做，说是因为有三个core courses没有完成，学生找老师商量怎么办。老师同意给她写一个letter给学校支持她开这个论文。
Conversation 2 话题分类：学生和老师讨论作业得分低的原因
内容回忆：学生要写一篇关于Emily Dickonsin的文章，老师给了低分，是因为学生write everything a bit，没有focus。老师举例说应该着重写一个方面，比如写一个Susan 做为Emily的朋友，是如何在生活中影响Emily的以及Emily如何将friend这个theme体现在她的诗歌里的。
Lecture 1 标题：wild life animal
内容回忆：讲的是一个ideal free distribution简称IFD theory.就是说动物在habitat里面，理想的状态（没有障碍）下会自行根据resource的多少来分配自己的数量。举了个例子。一种fish，一种dolphin
Lecture 2 标题：music appreciation
内容回忆：Puccini的歌剧madam butterfly的第一次opening比较失败，因为没有按照传统分三块，并且内容有一句重复这个作家之前的曲子，这导致观众很不满意。后来经过三个月的修改，Puccini把第二段divide了一下变成第三段，做了一些修改去迎合观众的口味
Lecture 3 标题：business management
内容回忆：先介绍problem和crisis的区别就是后者是potential存在的。后面介绍了要在crisis出现前就预测到并且给出解决方案，这是一个公司public relationship department应该做的。crisis对公司有时候是挑战也是opportunity，比如公司可以通过此来改变自己的老套路以及可以发现解决crisis成功的人才进行继续培养
Lecture 4 标题：ecology class
内容回忆： 主要讲了mutualism 互惠共生。yucca plants 和 yucca moths 的关系。plant必须依赖moth是因为它的pollen很sticky，其他蜜蜂没办法传播。moth依赖plant是因为她的幼虫feed on这种plant。moth为了保证它的offspring，会在每朵花上面下1-3个人eggs。plant为了保障它的花不被比3个多的幼虫吃掉，会在花期掉一些花，以此甩掉一部分幼虫。moth为了避免掉花带来的风险，就会均匀分布他的eggs而不是在某几多花上下全部的eggs
回忆14：
阅读
Passage One
学科分类：地质类
题目：the formation of earth atmosphere
内容回忆：
1.地球形成的时候是H和HE 为什么和现在不同？
2.hold gas的主要原因是gravity和escape velocity，所以那两种很轻的气体就跑了。
3.火山爆发导致二氧化碳出现，其溶于水作为降雨进入到海洋以及是有机生物体的碳元素的来源。
4.氮气因为很少溶于水所以在大气中含量较高，是现在大气的主要气体
词汇题：
1. predominantly - mainly
2. Augment - supplement
3. account for - explanation
4. constitutes - makes up
Passage Two
学科分类：历史
题目：Documenting the Incas
原文：
Documenting the Incas
The Incans ruled a vast empire in western South America when the Spaniards encountered them in the sixteenth century. Although the Incas had nowriting system of their own, historical information about Incas is available to researchers because early Spaniards wrote documents about them. However, there are drawbacks to use the written record. First, the Spanish writers were describing activities and institutions that were very different from their own, but they often described Inca culture in terms of their own society. As an example, consider the list of kings given by theIncas. As presented in the historical chronology, Spanish sources indicate there were thirteen kings who ruled sequentially. The names were given to them by Inca informants. However, one school of thought in Inca studies suggests that the names were not actual people, but, rather, titles filled by different individuals. Thus, the number of actual kings may have been fewer, and several titles may have been filled at the same time. The early Spanish writers, being unfamiliar with such a system of titles, simply translated it into something they were familiar with (a succession ofkings). Given that the Inca empire expanded only during the time of thelast four kings, or as a result of the actions of the individuals in those four positions, this question is not deemed significant for an understanding of the Incas. But the example shows that biases and inaccuracies may have been introduced inadvertently from the very beginning of the written Spanish reports about the Incas. Moreover, early writersoften copied information from each other---so misinformation was likely tobe passed on and accepted as true by later scholars.
Second, both Spanish writers and Incan informants sometimes had motives for being deliberately deceitful. For example, in an effort to gain status inthe Spaniards' eyes, Incas might say that they formerly had been moreimportant in the Inca empire than they actually were. Spanish officials as well were occasionally untruthful when it served their purposes. For example, Spaniards might deliberately underreport the productivity of a region under their authority so they could sell the additional products and keep the money, rather than hand it over to the Spanish Crown.
Third, it should be noted that the Spaniards' main sources of informationwere the Incas themselves, often members of the Inca ruling class. Therefore, what was recorded was the Incas' point of view about their own history and empire. Some modern authorities question whether the history ofIncas happened as they said it did. Although some of their history iscertainly more myth than truth, many, if not most, scholars agree that thehistory of the last four Inca kings is probably accurate. The same is true of other things told to the Spanish writers: the more recently an event is said to have occurred, the more likely it is to have actually happened.
A fourth problem relates to the nature of the Inca conquests of the other people in the Americas before the Spanish arrived and how accurate the accounts of those conquests are---whether related by the Spaniards or bythe Incas on whom they relied. It was certainly in the Inca's interest todescribe themselves as invincible and just. However, lacking accounts byconquered people about their interactions with the Incas, it is unknown how much of the information of the Inca conquest as related by the ruling class is factual.
Finally, there is a certain vagueness in the historical record regardingplaces and names. Many Spanish writers listed places they had visitedwithin the empire, including both provinces and towns. However, other writers traveling along the same routes sometimes recounted different lists of places. In addition, it is difficult to identify the exact locations of towns and other geographic points of reference because of the widespread movements of people over the past five centuries.
For all these reasons, the historical record must be carefully evaluated todetermine whether it is accurate and to verify the locations of past events. One approach is to cross-check information from a number ofauthors. Another approach is to conduct archaeological research. Regardlessof the problems, historical documents review some important information about the Incas.
Paragraph 1
The Incans ruled a vast empire in western South America when the Spaniards encountered them in the sixteenth century. Although the Incas had nowriting system of their own, historical information about Incas is available to researchers because early Spaniards wrote documents about them. However, there are drawbacks to use the written record. First, the Spanish writers were describing activities and institutions 【that were very different from their own】, but they often described Inca culture in terms of their own society. As an example, consider the list ofkings given by the Incas. As presented in the historical chronology, Spanish sources indicate there were thirteen kings who ruled sequentially. The names were given to them by Inca informants. However, one school of thought in Inca studies suggests that the names were not actual people, but, rather, titles filled by different individuals. Thus, the number of actual kings may have been fewer, and several titles may have been filled at the same time. The early Spanish writers, being unfamiliar with such a system of titles, simply translated it into something they were familiar with (a succession of kings). Given that the Inca empire expanded onlyduring the time of the last four kings, or as a result of the actions ofthe individuals in those four positions, this question is not deemed significant for an understanding of the Incas. But the example shows that biases and inaccuracies may have been introduced inadvertently from the very beginning of the written Spanish reports about the Incas. Moreover,early writers often copied information from each other---so misinformation was likely to be passed on and accepted as true by later scholars.
1. The word "vast" in the passage is closest in meaning to
¡ ancient
¡ wealthy
¡ powerful
¡ extensive
2. The word "drawbacks" in the passage is closest in meaning to
¡ requirements
¡ techniques
¡ exceptions
¡ disadvantages
3. The word " sequentially " in the passage is closest in meaningto
¡ Secretly
¡ one after another
¡ formerly
¡ in partnership with each other
4. According to paragraph 1, why does the written record about the Incan civilization depend on the reports of Spaniards?
¡ The Incas destroyed their written records to prevent the Spaniardsfrom benefiting from them.
¡ The Incas did not have a writing system.
¡ The Spaniards destroyed all records written by the Incas.
¡ Incan records were written on materials that do not preserve well.
5. According to paragraph 1, sixteenth century's Spaniards may have been incorrect about which of the following aspects of the Incanempire
¡ its size during the reigns of the last four kings
¡ the total number of Incan kings
¡ the kinds of power that Incan kings were able to exercise
¡ the extent to which Incan kings were able to control activities within their empire
6. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the Incan system of rulers?
¡ It was first introduced when the expansion of the Incan empirebegan.
¡ It required that multi-rulers share a particular title at the sametime.
¡ It was sometimes confusing to the Incan informants of the Spaniards.
¡ It was unlike the system used in sixteenth century Spain.
Paragraph 2
Second, both Spanish writers and Incan informants sometimes had motives for being deliberately deceitful. For example, in an effort to gain status inthe Spaniards' eyes, Incas might say that they formerly had been moreimportant in the Inca empire than they actually were. Spanish officials as well were occasionally untruthful when it served their purposes. For example, Spaniards might deliberately underreport the productivity of a region under their authority so they could sell the additional products and keep the money, rather than hand it over to the Spanish Crown.
7. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 2 as a possible motive for deliberate inaccuracy in official Spanish reports of the Incas?
¡ The desire of some Spanish officials to appear more important thanthey really were
¡ The need to please Spanish rulers by making productivity seemgreater than it really was
¡ The desire of the Incas to make their empire seem more successful than it really was
¡ The desire of most Spanish officials to enrich themselves
Paragraph 3
Third, it should be noted that the Spaniards' main sources of informationwere the Incas themselves, often members of the Inca ruling class. Therefore, what was recorded was the Incas' point of view about their own history and empire. Some modern authorities question whether the history ofIncas happened as they said it did. Although some of their history iscertainly more myth than truth, many, if not most, scholars agree that thehistory of the last four Inca kings is probably accurate. The same is true of other things told to the Spanish writers: the more recently an event is said to have occurred, the more likely it is to have actually happened.
8.Why does the author indicate that the Spaniards' main sourcesof information were the Incas themselves
¡ To argue that the Spaniards made great efforts to obtain the most information
¡ To explain why some scholars think that the documentary history ofthe Incan empire may not be correct
¡ To question the idea that more recent events in the Incan empire aremore likely to be accurate than are more ancient ones
¡ To explain how scholars are able to determine that the history of the last
four Incan kings is probably correct
Paragraph 4
A fourth problem relates to the nature of the Inca conquests of the other people in the Americas before the Spanish arrived and how accurate the accounts of those conquests are---whether related by the Spaniards or bythe Incas on whom they relied. It was certainly in the Inca's interest todescribe themselves as invincible and just. However, lacking accounts byconquered people about their interactions with the Incas, it is unknown how much of the information of the Inca conquest as related by the ruling class is factual.
9. The word "just" in the passage is closest in meaning to
¡ fair
¡ strong
¡ independent
¡ wise
10.According to paragraph 4, why is there some doubt whetherSpanish accounts of the Incan conquests of other people are accurate?
¡ The Spaniards included some information about which Incan informants disagreed.
¡ The conquered people's tales of the Incan conquests sometimesdiffered from the Inca's tales of them
¡ The Spanish accounts of the Incan conquest were based on information from Incan informants only.
¡ Some archaeological evidence does not support the Spanish accounts
Paragraph 5
Finally, there is a certain vagueness in the historical record regardingplaces and names. Many Spanish writers listed places they had visitedwithin the empire, including both provinces and towns. However, other writers traveling along the same routes sometimes recounted different lists of places. In addition, it is difficult to identify the exact locations of towns and other geographic points of reference because of the widespread movements of people over the past five centuries.
11. According to paragraph 5, what is a reason that place names inthe historical record are sometimes vague?
¡ When people moved they often gave new provinces and towns the same names as places they came from.
¡ Different writers in historical record listed different names forplaces along the same routes.
¡ Most writers of the historical record traveled little within theempire.
¡ The names of provinces and towns often did not reflect geographicpoints
of reference.
Paragraph 6
For all these reasons, the historical record must be carefully evaluated todetermine whether it is accurate and to verify the locations of past events. One approach is to cross-check information from a number ofauthors. Another approach is to conduct archaeological research. Regardlessof the problems, historical documents review some important information about the Incas.
12. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 6 as a methodfor verifying accuracy of an account of a past event?
¡ Comparing accounts of the event given by different writers
¡ Investigating whether a particular author's accounts of other eventshave proved accurate
¡ Investigating whether the author of an account actually presented asthe event described.
¡ Determining whether the author of an account was able to crosscheckinformation with multiple informants
Paragraph 1
The Incans ruled a vast empire in western South America when the Spaniards encountered them in the sixteenth century. ■ Although the Incas had no writing system of their own, historical information about Incas is available to researchers because early Spaniards wrote documents about them. ■ However, there are drawbacks to use the written record. ■ First,the Spanish writers were describing activities and institutions that were very different from their own, but they often described Inca culture in terms of their own society. ■ As an example, consider the list of kingsgiven by the Incas. As presented in the historical chronology, Spanishsources indicate there were thirteen kings who ruled sequentially. The names were given to them by Inca informants. However, one school of thought in Inca studies suggests that the names were not actual people, but, rather, titles filled by different individuals. Thus, the number of actual kings may have been fewer, and several titles may have been filled at the same time. The early Spanish writers, being unfamiliar with such a systemof titles, simply translated it into something they were familiar with (asuccession of kings). Given that the Inca empire expanded only during thetime of the last four kings, or as a result of the actions of theindividuals in those four positions, this question is not deemed significant for an understanding of the Incas. But the example shows that biases and inaccuracies may have been introduced inadvertently from the very beginning of the written Spanish reports about the Incas. Moreover,early writers often copied information from each other---so misinformation was likely to be passed on and accepted as true by later scholars.
13. Look at the four squares [■ ] that indicate where the followingsentence can be added to the passage.
Official accounts, legal papers, and letters written during that period provide a wealth of information about the Incan empire and the Incas' way of life.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The accuracy of the historical record concerning the Incas is problematic.
1. Numerous aspects of Incan life were recorded in the sixteenth centurybut many historical documents created at this time were lost or destroyed.
2. Many Spaniards were interested primarily in the expansion of theIncan empire and therefore ignored other periods of Incan history.
3. The fact 【that the Incan informants remained sources of informationabout themselves 】as well as inconsistencies in place names call the soundaspects of the accounts into question.
4. Descriptions of Incan society may often be influenced by the culturalbiases of people writing about Incas.
5. Incorrect information may sometimes have been knowingly included in historical records because it was advantageous to the person including suchinformation.
6. The movement of people due to the Incan conquest and the settlementof the Spanish has caused much confusion about place names in thehistorical record.
Passage Three
学科分类：生物
题目：The most common bird
内容回忆：
1.讲了一种红嘴鸟在非洲是很常见的。
2.这种鸟feed on grass，而grass是seasonal 出现和消失的。
3.这种鸟为了避免食物短缺，就要migrate。
4,在grass开始长的时候这种鸟又迁移回来。
5.现在Africa种了很多cereals，这种鸟就是一种pest，每年会damage很多cereals的产量。
词汇题：
1. evershifting
2. inhospitable - unfavorable
3. subsequent - continually
4. over estimate - may be higher
回忆15：
口语部分
Speaking
Task 1
如果政府要在以下三个领域中投资，你认为那一个最值得？
- Land exploration
- Education
- Health care
相似题目：(170218) Which of the followings do youthink is most important to a country's success?
- Business success
- Medical care
-Education system
此类三选一题目注意选项之间的关系，回答可以从这里入手。
Sample answer:
Obviously, if a country wants to prosper, thegovernment should invest a large quantity of money in education. To a greatextent, exploring land and creating a well-rounded medical care system bothrely on people, therefore educating people is the most fundamental thing. Forone thing, sufficient educational funds provide students with the mostknowledgeable teachers, cutting-edge technology and equipment, which can betterfacilitate students’ academic performance. With well-educated elites in variousareas devoting themselves to our nation-building, I believe we will makebreakthroughs not only in health care system, but also in exploring land fornew sort of energy and resources.
Task 2
Some people thinkthat with the development of technology and internet, libraries will disappear;while others think libraries are always necessary. Which one do you agree, andplease give specific details to support your opinion.
Sample answer:
It’s beyond doubt that libraries will always be there serving humanity,regardless of how advanced our technology would be. As I know, some people havea particular preference for reading paper books in a quiet atmosphere with manypeople else who are also engaging in exploring the world in the books. Well,surely we cannot have that if libraries are gone. Additionally, with the rapiddevelopment of technology, now we have a new form of library, which is called aCybrary, where we can easily get access to the online resources. But still, itneeds to be a physical building, so in one way or another, libraries areindispensable, but they may change forms a little.
回忆16：
独立写作：
看见没！！！又又又重复啦！！2016.02.28原题！！！
Nowadays，children rely too much on the technology, like computers,smartphone, video games, for fun and entertainment. Playing simpler toys orplaying outside with friends would be better for the children's development.
Vote for computer games:
1, 有利于提高孩子的专注度；2，培养团队合作的能力；3，玩游戏过程中孩子获取更高的成就感；4，有利于智力发展；5，更容易接受新事物，创造力强
Vote for traditional games:
1,户外运动增强体能锻炼；2，增强沟通能力；3，身心放松，有利于精神放松
综合写作：
历史学科话题，关于一个面具的真实性问题的争论：
阅读认为：
1，之前有造假的前科
2，此面具和以前挖出来的不一样
3，考古学家在挖掘之后把遗址关起来了，这个事情很可疑
听力认为：
1，之所以有造假前科，而后会被监管，就不太会再造假了
2，此面具和后来挖出来的一个的特征很相似
3，将遗址关起来是因为已经没有价值了，这种操作很正常
回忆17：
阅读部分
要疯！！！今天阅读共出现16篇文章，并有部分同学遇到了阅读加试。下面我们来分析一下出现次数较多的三篇文章。
Passage 1
The Formation of earth atmosphere。
文章主要探讨了地球早期形成的大气和现在的大气不同的原因。第一段讲到地球刚形成时大气里主要是氢和氦，和现在区别很大。第二段讲到因为氢和氦很轻，受到的地球引力小，所以就从地球上逃逸了。第三段分析地球上二氧化碳的来源。火山喷发出很多二氧化碳气体，其溶于水，或者通过降雨进入海洋或者有机生物圈，成为碳元素的来源。第四段讲到氮气微溶于水，所以大气中含量很高。
Passage 2
Documenting the Incas。
加印因为没有自己的书写系统，西班牙人替他们记录了历史，文章主要讲解了西班牙人帮助记录印加历史存在的缺陷。第一，西班牙人根据自己的社会习惯来描述印加的文化发展；第二，西班牙人为了自身的利益会编造一些虚假信息；第三，西班牙人的信息来源就是印加，特别大部分来自于统治阶级；第四，印加的历史在西班牙人到达美洲之前就开始了；第五，西班牙人对于地点和名字的描述非常模糊。
Passage 3
The most commonbird。
文章主要讲解了在非洲非常常见的一种红嘴鸟。这种鸟主要吃草，但是草是季节性出现的，为了避免事物短缺，它们就要进行迁徙，草没有的时候飞走，草长出来再飞回来。这种鸟是一种害虫，因为它会损害庄稼的产量。
回忆18：
听力部分Listening
Conversation1-学术-论文
交叉学科的人类学的论文，学校不让学生做，说是因为有三个core courses没有完成，学生找老师商量怎么办。老师同意给她写一个letter给学校支持她开这个论文。
Conversation 2-学术-作业
内容回忆：学生要写一篇关于Emily Dickinson的文章，老师给了低分，是因为学生writeeverything a bit，没有focus。老师举例说应该着重写一个方面，比如写一个Susan 做为Emily的朋友，是如何在生活中影响Emily的以及Emily如何将friend这个theme体现在她的诗歌里的。
Lecture 1-生物-wild life animal
讲的是一个ideal free distribution简称IFD theory.就是说动物在habitat里面，理想的状态（没有障碍）下会自行根据resource的多少来分配自己的数量。举了个例子，一种fish，一种dolphin。
Lecture 2-艺术-music appreciation
Puccini的歌剧madam butterfly的第一次opening比较失败, 因为没有按照传统分三块，并且内容有一句重复这个作家之前的曲子，这导致观众很不满意。后来经过三个月的修改，Puccini把第二段divide了一下变成第三段，做了一些修改去迎合观众的口味。
Lecture 3-商业-business management
先介绍problem和crisis的区别就是后者是potential存在的。后面介绍了要在crisis出现前就预测到并且给出解决方案，这是一个公司public relationship department应该做的。crisis对公司有时候是挑战也是opportunity，比如公司可以通过此来改变自己的老套路以及可以发现解决crisis成功的人才进行继续培养。
Lecture 4-生态-ecology class
主要讲了mutualism 互惠共生。yucca plants 和 yucca moths的关系。plant必须依赖moth是因为它的pollen很sticky，其他蜜蜂没办法传播。moth依赖plant是因为她的幼虫feedon这种plant。moth为了保证它的offspring，会在每朵花上面下1-3个人eggs。plant为了保障它的花不被比3个多的幼虫吃掉，会在花期掉一些花，以此甩掉一部分幼虫。moth为了避免掉花带来的风险，就会均匀分布他的eggs而不是在某几多花上下全部的eggs。
回忆19：
回忆20：
2017年9月9日托福命中多篇阅读，独立和综合大作文双双命中，命中口语四部分和听力五篇旧题，CPU资料阅读、写作、听力、口语等全面大中，全面开花！9月9日今天的托福考试，依然是多套试卷组合，这种模式会一直持续下去。今天托福考试几大特点：（1）阅读听力老题重复量巨大，（2）阅读听力均有加试，每个考生情况不一，（3）听力一直是四项难度最大，并且对话难度超过讲座，（4）独立和综合写作重复老题，是我们TOEFL CPU资料里面的。今天大部分题目都在我们CPU资料原题命中！祝贺CPU会员将出现不少100-110分以上托福天才！今天听力阅读里大多是老题，仍然大量重复2013-2017年的老题，尤其是我们CPU托福资料的真题。今天口语和写作也是老题居多。ETS今年虽然在考试形式上变化很多，但其实使用的新题非常少，大都是在重复2014-2017年大陆考过的老题。这一方面说明，ETS出题成本太高（80万美金一套），所以出题量小。另一方面说明，托福考试的整体趋势还是稳定的。形式上的变化（多套试卷，阅读加试，听力非经典加试），并不能改变这个考试的内在。除了阅读之外，今天听力，口语和写作都重复老题。总体反馈请复制链接进入和http://bbs.ieltstofelglobal.com/thread-235483-1-1.html
特别提醒：托福考试几十多年来，有非常严格的规律性和出题思路。全世界有6到10个托福大考区，而只有一个美国托福考试中心几个人在出题，每个考区每个月要出2-4份考卷，一个月出12-24份考卷，考官如何保证达到难度一样呢，如何保证新题难度、准确度和评价机制公平呢，所以只能是几十年来托福真题题库旧题目的有效组合，新题不能超出10%。事实上每份托福真题卷子都是80%-90%以上旧题原题真题。近年来，阅读几套卷里大多是老题，ETS今年虽然在考试形式上变化很多，但其实使用的新题非常少，大都是在重复2014-2017年大陆考过的老题。这一方面说明，ETS出题成本太高（80万美金一套），所以出新题量小。另一方面说明，托福考试的整体趋势还是稳定的。形式上的变化（多套试卷，阅读加试，听力非经典加试），并不能改变这个考试的内在。除了阅读之外，听力，口语和写作都大部分是重复老题。多年托福考官和专家Edward老师非常熟悉托福出题规律和听说读写题库出题组合卷子的秘诀， CPU资料因此而诞生！具体请阅读http://bbs.ieltstofelglobal.com/thread-231387-1-1.html 
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