A
It isn 't easy being a professional athlete. Not only are the physical demands greaterthan most people could handle, athletes also face intense psychologicalpressure during competition. This is something that British tennisplayer Emma Raducanu wrote about on social media following her withdrawal fromthe 2021 Wimbledon tournament. Though the young player had been doing wellin the tournament, she began having difficulty regulating her breathing andheart rate during a match, which she later attributed to ' the accumulation ofthe excitement and the buzz '.
B
For athletes, some level of performance stress is almost unavoidable .But there are many different factors that dictate just how people'sminds and bodies respond to stressful events. Typically ,stress is the result of an exchange between two factors : demands and resources. An athlete may feel stressed about an event if they feel the demands on themare greater than they can handle . These demands include the high level ofphysical and mental effort required to succeed , and also the athlete ' sconcerns about the difficulty of the event , their chance of succeeding , andany potential dangers such as injury . Resources , on the other hand , are aperson's ability to cope with these demands . These include factorssuch as the competitor's degree of confidence , how much they believe they cancontrol the situation's outcome , and whether they ' re looking forward to theevent or not .
C
Each newdemand or change in circumstances affects whether a person responds positivelyor negatively to stress . Typically , the more resources a person feels theyhave in handling the situation , the more positive their stress response . Thispositive stress response is called a challenge state . But should the personfeel there are too many demands placed on them , the more likely they are toexperience a negative stress response - known as a threat state . Researchshows that the challenge states lead to good performance , while threat stateslead to poorer performance . So , in Emma Raducanu's case, a much largeraudience, higher expectations and facing a more skilful opponent ,may all have led her to feel there were greater demands being placed on her atWimbledon - but she didn't have the resources to tackle them . Thisled to her experiencing a threat response .
D
Our challenge and threat responses essentially influence how our bodyresponds to stressful situations , as both affect the production of adrenaline and cortisol -also known as ' stress hormones '. During a challenge state , adrenalineincreases the amount of blood pumped from the heart and expands theblood vessels , which allows more energy to be delivered to the muscles andbrain . This increase of blood and decrease of pressure in the blood vesselshas been consistently related to superior sport performancein everything from cricket batting , to golf putting andfootball penalty taking . But during a threat state , cortisol inhibits thepositive effect of adrenaline , resulting in tighter blood vessels , higherblood pressure , slower psychological responses , and a faster heart rate . Inshort , a threat state makes people more anxious - they make worse decisionsand perform more poorly . In tennis players , cortisol has been associated withmore unsuccessful serves and greater anxiety .
E
That said, anxiety is also a common experience for athletes when they're underpressure. Anxiety can increase heart rate and perspiration, causeheart palpitations, muscle tremors and shortness of breath , as wellas headaches, nausea , stomach pain, weakness and a desire to escapein more extreme cases. Anxiety can also reduce concentration and self-controland cause overthinking. The intensity with which a personexperiences anxiety depends on the demands and resources they have . Anxietymay also manifest itself in the form of excitement or nervousness dependingon the stress response. Negative stress responses can be damaging to bothphysical and mental health - and repeated episodes of anxiety coupledwith negative responses can increase risk of heart disease and depression.
F
But there are many ways athletes can ensure they respond positively under pressure. Positive stress responses can be promoted through the language that they andothers - such as coaches or parents-use . Psychologists can also help athleteschange how they see their physiological responses - such as helpingthem see a higher heart rate as excitement , rather than nerves .Developing psychological skills, such as visualisation, can also helpdecrease physiological responses to threat . Visualisation may involve theathlete recreating a mental picture of a time when they performed well , orpicturing themselves doing well in the future. This can help create a feelingof control over the stressful event . Recreating competitive pressureduring training can also help athletes learn how to deal with stress. Anexample of this might be scoring athletes against their peers tocreate a sense of competition. This would increase the demands which playersexperience compared to a normal training session, while still allowingthem to practise coping with stress.
14-18，段落信息匹配：
14，提到两种影响表现的化合物，D段，两种压力荷尔蒙。
15，减少压力影响的策略，F段。
16，运动员如何解释自己的压力体验，A段，“网球运动员从温网退赛后在社交媒体上解释”。
17，研究结果表明压力反应与表现之间的联系，C段，
18，提到影响运动员如何看待压力反应的人，F段，心理学家。
19-22，原文原词填空：
19，压力涉及运动员的许多需求，例如，应对可能的【19 受伤，injury（B段倒数第三句）】风险。
20，c会导致网球运动员产生更少的好【20 发球，serves（D段末句）】。
21，心理学家可以帮助运动员将他们的生理反应视为积极情绪的影响，例如【21 兴奋，excitement（F段）】。
22，【22 可视化，visualisation（F段）】是一种心理技巧的示例，可以减少运动员的压力反应。
23-24，多选：
文本中提到了ER从温网退赛的哪两个事实？
B 她在比赛中压力的症状【A段末句，很难调节呼吸与心率】
D 温网比赛中增加她压力水平的方面【A段末句，把很难调节呼吸归因于兴奋的累积】
25-26，多选：
E段中提到了关于焦虑的哪两个事实？
A 决定其严重程度的因素【第四句】
E 如果运动员经常经历焦虑可能导致的危害【末句】
|Archiver|手机版|小黑屋|雅思托福英语全球网
( 闽ICP备14014910号 )
|
闽公网安备 35020302034732号
发表于 
QQ好友和群
QQ空间
腾讯微博
腾讯朋友
收藏