2019年8月24日托福听说读写真题答案回忆蹲点汇总+解析
回忆1:
独立写作
Some college teachers prefer to ask students to watch or listen to a recorded lecture before class. In class, they will ask students to do more practices about what they have learned from the lecture. Do you think this is an effective way and why?
一些大学老师喜欢让学生在课前观看或收听自己提前录好的讲座。课中,老师会让学生做更多关于这个讲座的内容的练习。你觉得此教学模式是否有效?为什么?
回忆2:
口语
Question 1
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is impolite to take pictures of strangers without their permission
你是否同意如下观点?
在未经陌生人允许的情况下,给其拍照是不礼貌的行为。
回忆3:
阅读部分
1.关于地球的温度,之前比现在热。以前认为是二氧化碳浓度高,而现在通过对植物某种化学物质的监测发现,现在的二氧化碳浓度和以前差不多,是因为其他物质释放导致
2.美国东北沿海岸地带很繁华,是海港以及贸易港湾
3.某种化学物质决定了工蜂在不同的年龄阶段分工不同。
4.土壤里面的氮的来源
5.英国工业革命的几大促进因素
6.远古地球的大气跟现在不同,氧含量很低,通过一种铁的氧化物来证明
7.地球气候变化的影响因素,除了围绕太阳公转的变化和自倾角的变化,还有其他的影响因素
8.冰川
9.大陆版块漂移
10.瓷器
11.斑马的黑白条纹
12.Bronze和Iron,关于铁的冶金术
13.用 Spetrum 推测星球的元素组成
14.Empire的衰落
回忆4:
独立写作(重复2018年12月16日 独立写作)
Do you agree or disagree:
A new teaching method, professor record a video in advance for students to learn, class time used to answer questions and have discussions. Is it an effective method?
综合写作(重复2017年3月11日 综合写作)
hermit ibis
阅读:hermit ibis目前很少,科学家觉得想要挽救hermit ibis有3个困难
1.hermit ibis的栖息地被破坏了。人类扩张破坏了它们的栖息地,导致它们不能筑巢来养育后代
2.hermit ibis的蛋及幼鸟很容易被捕杀。
3.圈养的hermit ibis放归野外会丧失迁徙的能力。hermit ibis需要跟父母学习如何迁徙,如何找到食物。如果被圈养起来,就无法跟父母学习这些能力
听力反驳:
1。hermit ibis可以在人类活动的地区筑巢。hermit ibis不一定在树上筑巢,它们可以在垂直的墙上或悬崖峭壁上筑巢。有证据表明,hermit ibis在人类修建的墙上筑巢
2.朱鹭鸟的蛋及幼鸟可以不被乌鸦和秃鹰吃掉。捕食者很容易就被吓跑了,如人吹口哨就可以吓跑一个想要入侵朱鹭鸟鸟巢的捕食者。
3.hermit ibis可以和人类学习如何迁徙。鸟小的时候可以被训练跟着小型的飞机飞行。这个技术曾经被加拿大的科学家用来保护不同种类的濒危鸟类
回忆5:
口 语 部 分
Task 1
游客不经人同意给陌生人拍照是不是不尊重人的行为
Task 2
学生建议把社团闲置的外出设备租出去,第一可以赚钱,第二平时设备闲置。女生反对:1.因为会损坏,没人管,2.设备并不是闲置的,有用处。
Task 3
关于基因多样化减少的坏处,例子:南美的土豆到欧洲,种类很少,不能抵抗真菌,但是南美的土豆就可以,因为南美的土豆有很多种类
Task 4
城市中心化的危害
回忆6:
听 力 部 分
Conversation
1.一个男生到图书馆找资料,要写论文,关于铁路的影响他担心自己的topic不够新颖不够有趣,管理人员告诉他可以选另一个 topic
2.一个新闻专业的学生要参加学校模拟面试和招聘会
3.老师安排参加一个艺术节,排练厅约不上
4.一个男生想写诗送给她姐姐,在姐姐的婚礼上念,找老师指导
Lecture
1.未来主义艺术
2.三种星云emission/dark/reflection
3.很久以前地球都是海但是其实也有陆地
4.database center ,电脑的散热问题,可以用水下服务器
5.动物的声音,次声波的产生
6.关于世界的组成,身体和精神的关系
7.讲文艺复兴和古希腊的艺术
回忆7:
上午场 综合写作解析
重复2017-03-10
阅读主要观点提取
总论点:如今,世界上的只有hermit ibis仅剩500只。科学家觉得想要挽救它们有三个方面的困难。
困难一:它们的栖息地被破坏了。由于人类的扩张,占用并破坏了这些鸟的栖息地,所以它们不能筑巢来养育后代。
困难二:朱鹭鸟的蛋及幼鸟很容易被捕杀。乌鸦和秃鹰在生态系统中很重要,所以即使它们会吃hermit ibis,也不会被消灭掉。所以,朱鹭鸟的数量会不断减少。
困难三:圈养的朱鹭鸟若被放到野外,会丧失迁徙的能力。朱鹭鸟需要跟随它们的父母去习得如何迁徙,如何找到食物。若它们被圈养起来,就无法跟随父母学习这些能力。
听力主要观点提取
总论点:另一些科学家认为朱鹭鸟可以克服阅读中提到的这些困难。
方法一:朱鹭鸟可以在被人类占领的地区筑巢。朱鹭鸟和其他鸟不一样,不一定在树上筑巢,它们可以在垂直的墙上或者炫耀峭壁上筑巢。有证据表明,朱鹭鸟就在人类修建的墙上筑巢了。
方法二:朱鹭鸟的蛋及幼鸟可以不被乌鸦和秃鹰吃掉。因为这些捕食者很容易就被吓跑了,如人吹口哨就可以吓跑一个想要入侵朱鹭鸟鸟巢的捕食者。并且,朱鹭鸟容易收到攻击的时间很短,所以只需要在这段时间用人类的口哨吓跑这些捕食者就可以避免朱鹭鸟数量继续下降。
方法三:朱鹭鸟可以和人类学习如何迁徙。朱鹭鸟小的时候可以被训练跟着小型的飞机飞行。所以,当飞行员沿着它们的迁徙路线飞行,这些幼鸟便可以学会如何迁徙。这个技术曾经被加拿大的科学家用来保护不同种类的濒危鸟类。
回忆8:
Reading
1,很多年前地球气候比现在热,过去以为是二氧化碳浓度高,现在通过检测植物某种化学物质发现二氧化碳差不多,是因为别的物质释放导致的
2,美国东北沿海岸地带很繁华,是海港以及贸易港湾
3,某种化学物质决定了工蜂在不同的年龄阶段分工不同
4,讲土壤里面的氮的来源啥的
5,英国工业革命的几大促进因素
6,是讲远古地球的大气跟现在不同,氧含量很低,通过一种铁的氧化物来证明
7,讲地球气候变化的影响因素,除了围绕太阳公转的变化和自倾角的变化
8,斑马为啥黑白条纹/光谱,出现了四个人各种新发现做实验啥啥的
9,indus的stamp和seal上面有语言符号,然后还没有decipher
10,empire衰落和让它兴盛的因素可能是同一个,可能不是
11,Zebra stripe
12,Empire的衰落
13,关于铁的冶金术
14,用 Spetrum 推测星球的元素组成
15,英国工业革命
16,氮元素怎样进入植物
17,冰川时代
18,船的问题,
19,瓷器
20,大陆漂移学说
21,古代国家的灭亡跟什么有关。environment,人口数量,疾病等
词汇题:
sequence interval
回忆9:
Listening
Conversation
1, 一个新闻专业的学生要参加学校模拟面试和招聘会
2,未来主义艺术,包括绘画,音乐和做饭
3,排练厅约不上,老师安排参加一个艺术节
4,男生把化学实验室钥匙丢了,然后被要求去一个活动,因此去不了jazz band演出了
5,一个男生想写poetry送给她姐姐,在婚礼上念,找老师指导。但是老师说他们这门课的内容主要是分析诗歌和解读,和创作不一样,具体说了哪些不一样,然后建议去找别的老师的课和club
6,一个男生到图书馆用资料关于铁路的影响,要写论文,表示担心自己的topic不够新颖不够有趣,管理人员告诉他可以选另一个topic,关于railroad out side the campus的影响
7,一个同学想搞排球比赛,然后老师建议了去哪里找设备以及去哪里比赛。
Lecture
1,关于Multitask,讲了heavy multitask和light multitask
2.,关于艺术,大概讲的是画家将雕刻的东西印在一张纸上
3,哲学,关于世界的组成,body和mind的关系
4,讲述三种星云emission/dark/reflection
5,讲了什么很久以前地球都是海但是其实也有陆地,中间提到了很多石头breakdown的过程还有物质release啥的
6,关于biology,动物的声音啥的,次声波的产生啊,功能啊
7,关于database center ,电脑的散热问题,先讲了现有的措施解决这个问题,然后提出可以建造水下,好处和潜在问题
8,文艺复兴和古希腊的艺术
9,生物的细菌消化,举了个熊猫的例子,之后熊猫只能吃竹叶补充营养。
10,心理学,讲笑话,就是传统的笑话和nonsence笑话
11,讲狮身人面像的,普遍猜测是一个法老建的因为临近金字塔且跟法老的雕塑很像,然后讲了后代的一个法老做了梦,就把埋在里面的狮身人面像给挖出来了,然后后面讲什么战争毁坏了狮身人面像,修复。
回忆10:
独立写作
(重复2018年12月16日真题)
Some college teachers prefer to ask students to watch or listen to a recorded lecture before class. In class, they will ask students to do more practices about what they have learned from the lecture. Do you think this is an effective way and why?
有些老师喜欢提前给学生看讲座的录像,上课的时候只讨论学生提前从录像学到了什么,你觉得这种方法好吗?
综合写作
阅读部分:hermit ibis的saving,保护起来有难度
听力部分:提出三种解决方法
回忆11:
Speaking
Task 1
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is impolite to take pictures of strangers without their permission.
不经人同意给陌生人拍照是不是不尊重人的行为
Task2
学生建议把社团闲置的外出设备租出去,第一可以赚钱,第二放着也是放着。女生反对,因为会损坏,没人管,而且也不是闲置的,有用处
Task3
一个概念,大概是说物种多样性之类的,举的例子是南非土豆和移植去欧洲的土豆
Task4
城市中心化的危害
回忆12:
综合写作
saving an endangered bird species,nest building,poachers,learning about migratory routes.
独立写作
Some college teachers prefer to ask students to watch or listen to a recorded lecture before class. In class, they will ask students to do more practices about what they have learned from the lecture.
Do you think this is an effective way and why?
回忆13:
阅读
Passage 1
古罗马的发明,如:可批量制造的砖块和容器等
Passage 2
斑马有黑白纹的原因-躲避捕食/虫子
Passage 3
文明兴起和衰落的原因,自然条件/流行病等
Passage 4
光谱仪,可以根据频谱确定物质种类,发热是亮线吸热是暗线
回忆14:
听力
Conversation 1
纪录片topic选题向教授求助
Conversation 2
去一个活动教授要确定名额
Conversation 3
教授和学生都喜欢的一个爵士音乐会
Conversation 4
学生找教授回顾了一下一种教学程序
Lecture 1
很久之前有陆地在海平面之上的证据
Lecture 2
关于人类大脑多任务处理的实验
Lecture 3
参观一个画展前为xx print技术和一位女艺术家做背景介绍
Lecture 4
猛犸灭绝原因与人类捕猎和天气变化之间的关系的研究
回忆15:
口语
Task 1
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
版本一:Is it impolite for tourists to take pictures of local people?
版本二:It is impolite to take pictures of strangers without their permission.
Task 2
学生希望俱乐部的设备能对外出租
听力:disagree
1.费精力
2.自己人要用
Task 3
解释基因瓶颈population bottleneck:A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, or droughts) or human activities (such as genocide). Such events can reduce the variation in the gene pool of a population; thereafter, a smaller population, with a smaller genetic diversity, remains to pass on genes to future generations of offspring through sexual reproduction.
例子:Potato in Europe and South America
Task 4
Ribbon Construction
The term 'ribbon construction' refers to a line of houses built along existing highways (or railways or similar linear barriers), each being served by individual accesses. The land to the rear of the houses is not developed. The buildings can be positioned back from the road, staggered, set at different angles from the road, or left with gaps between them, and still be classed a as ribbon development, so long as they are visually linked when viewed from the highway.
Ribbon developments arose following Industrial Revolution, predominantly along railway lines, such as the ‘Metroland’ following London’s Metropolitan. They became more prevalent along roads radiating from towns in the 1920s and 1930s, but also along ridge lines, canals and coastlines. One reason for their popularity with developers was that services provided along the roads could be exploited, reducing the cost of development.
They became the focus of criticism for their inefficient use of resources and for their tendency to lead to urban sprawl, with towns and settlements that were once separate entities becoming more closely linked, or merging. They also made it more difficult to plan the expansion of settlements, and they hindered access to farmland.
回忆16:
阅读 上午场
01
Nitrogen in Crops
植物中的氮
2018.10.28,2018.03.24,2017.10.15,2017.04.15
讲生态系统中的氮及其对于植物的重要性,植物尤其农作物的生长需要氮元素,atmosphere里都是氮气。氮是两个氮原子构成,其化学键是三个强连接,很难破坏,破坏需要能量或特殊酶。而自然界中获得氮的方式主要有两种:一是通过打雷(thunder storm),生物出现前的地球,只有闪电能把空气中的氮转换为可吸收的氮元素。二是植物通过光合作用吸收氮元素并保留在身体之中,在死后被土壤里的微生物m分解,成为留在土壤中的氮元素。但是氮元素在土壤中的含量高低有差异,从0.1%到0.3%不等,很多都是由雨水冲刷而流失,在人们种了庄稼(harvest crop)之后,土壤里的氮更是会逐渐流失,很多地方都已意识到氮元素在农业生产中的应用问题。但是氮有新的添加方式比如种植豆类植物(legume)、施氮肥。在英国就开始使用氮肥料,并且使得农产品的产量翻番,对氮的应用也看得出英国工业革命的发展;但是在非洲的一些地方,他们还不知道使用氮肥料,非洲人民只能通过不停地换耕地(rotation)来去获得植物生长的氮。
Vocabulary Card
constrains on=limitations on 对…的限制
appropriate=suitable 恰当的
sustain=continue 维持
profoundly=deeply 深入地
02
英国工业革命的促进因素
2018.04.21,2017.07.02
讲英国工业革命的几大促进因素。
第一段,一系列的原因导致了工业革命在英国发生。
第二段, 英国具有非常好的地理位置,周围都是海洋,可以避免侵略,减少了非常大的军费开支,所以用在army上的投入较少,但是英国非常重视navy,把钱都加入投入建设海军,强大的navy在战争时可以维护和平,在和平时期可以用作贸易。因此开辟了英国与中国和美国的贸易路线,他们从中国进口茶叶丝绸,在英国进行深加工之后,再与美国进行交易,并且也从美国进口一些原材料。
第三段, 英国不仅海洋对于工业革命很重要,它也有比较好的内部河运系统。所以一些私人投资者就特别关注运河的开凿。1760年,就建成了一条运河。此处有插入句子题,每条运河距离工厂的距离都不超过50公里,并且投资这些运河,使得很多投资人获得了很大的利益。
第四段, 第二个自然条件是煤炭,煤炭对于经济的发展也非常重要,而英国煤炭多,而且大部分在表面,煤矿所在地又比较临近河,提供了非常好的自然条件。煤炭还和铁矿非常临近,提供了进一步的优势。煤炭和铁矿的开采可以互相促进,也可以带来很大的收益。
第五段, 除了自然优势之外,英国在基础建设方面也也有优势。英国的农产品产量提升,因此就使得很多的劳动力从农业当中释放了出来,这些劳动力就会进入到城市当中,来为工业革命提供很多的劳动力。
03
Earth’s Atmosphere
地球大气
2019.01.05,2019.01.12,2019.01.13,2015年旧题,2018年重复三次,2017年重复四次
地球最初原始大气的成分类似太阳,但后来受太阳风和陨石撞击(meteorite impacts)的影响而丧失了本有的挥发性(volatile)气体。后来随着地球的火山喷发,带来大量的水蒸气和其他挥发性气体,形成了地球的二级大气。二级大气和今天的大气成分很接近,唯独缺少氧气。地球大气中的氧气,大部分来源于植物的光合作用,还有一小部分是来自于光解作用(photodissociation)。海底沉淀物里铁矿石颜色的变化为我们提供了大气含氧的证据:从黑色无氧还原铁矿石到红色氧化铁矿石的转变,说明大气中的氧气进入海中。随着大气中氧气的增多,逐渐形成臭氧层,保护地球免受紫外线伤害,生命足以在浅海和陆地出现。氧气在生命进化中扮演着重要的角色:哺乳动物是高氧量消耗者,其新陈代谢和繁殖都需要大量的氧气。那地球大气中氧气为何会持续增多呢?一些有机物被迅速掩埋而无法与氧气结合得以分解,导致地球中剩余氧气越来越多,同时有机碳在沉淀物里堆积形成化石。
Vocabulary Card
constituent = component 组成
gradual = slow 逐渐的
predominate = are in the majority 占主导的
diffuse = spread 消散弥漫
04
Ice Age Triggers
冰川期的触发条件
2019.03.30,2018.01.13
科学界公认地球存在气候周期,比如Ice Age的形成与地球的轴倾角(axial tilt)和自转(rotation)有关,但是在过去几个billions of years中,地球气候在变暖,这期间还是出现了几次Ice Age,所以除了上面的原因应该还有其他原因。然后提到了某个P时期,那时候所有大陆都连在一起,在靠近赤道的位置,一部分比如说澳洲非洲等的大陆一直延伸到了极地地区,阻碍了海水循环,所以海水不再能够起到调节温度的作用,这是P时期产生Ice Age的原因。又说到了另一个时期,由于下雨,导致大气层中二氧化碳气体都被冲走了,所以产生了那个时期的Ice Age。之后由于海底火山的喷发导致二氧化碳气体浓度变高气候又变暖了。再讲到太阳活动也可能对气候有影响,比如size of sun spots以及日冕(corona)的厚度等,但其影响的程度还不确定。例子是最近一次短期的冰川时代,在这段时间欧洲很冷,地球变成了ice ball,同时又发现在这期间正好太阳活动很少,几乎没怎么观测到太阳活动,以此得出结论。
Vocabulary Card
plausible = likely 有可能(正确)的
sufficiently = enough 充分地
soared = increased dramatically 激增
apparently affects = seem to affect 似乎影响了...
05
Zebra Stripes
斑马的条纹
2018.01.13
斑马身上的条纹是如何形成的?我们很难得到确切的答案。有些科学家认为,条纹是一种伪装的形式,保护斑马免落狮口。另一些科学家则认为,条纹在斑马的求偶仪式中起到关键作用。2014年,有研究人员发表研究称,条纹能够赶走苍蝇,保护斑马远离苍蝇经常传播的疾病。一项特殊新研究提供了另一种可能的解释:斑马的栖息地有时会变得闷热难耐,条纹能助它们保持凉爽。“我们发现,温度差异是决定平原斑马条纹的一个重要因素,”这项研究报告的主要作者,美国加州大学洛杉矶分校助理研究员布伦达·拉尔松博士在写给《赫芬顿邮报》的一封电子邮件中说,“季节性低温地区的斑马,条纹比气候持续温暖地区的斑马要少。”关于这项研究,研究人员对非洲16个地区的平原斑马条纹变化进行了分析。他们然后还研究了这些条纹图案与29种环境变量之间的关系,包括气候、捕食和苍蝇叮咬等。分析说明了什么?相比其它环境变量而言,条纹的覆盖程度与热气候关系更紧密。换句话说,栖息地越热,斑马条纹就越多。《国家地理》杂志报道称,此种关联的一种假说认为,醒目的黑白条纹能让斑马身体周围的空气产生对流,从而达到冷却效果。也就是说,空气在吸收阳光的黑色条纹上流动得快,而在白色条纹上流动得慢,这样就会形成冷却气流。的确如此,数字式测温枪的初步观察结果表明,牧场上斑马的体表温度(84.6华氏度)与附近同等大小、褐色毛皮的羚羊(90.5华氏度)相比,明显较低。但拉尔松认为,这并不意味着斑马条纹的谜底被最终揭开。
06
Honeybee Society
蜜蜂社群
2017.12.02,2015.07.12
蜜蜂随着年龄的变化职责也各不相同,年轻的蜜蜂在hive里照顾蜂后,年老的蜜蜂出去forage,调节这一分工的是JH level (juvenile hormone 保幼激素) ,科学家做实验发现与JH性质相似的化学物质也可以起到调节的作用。
Vocabulary Card
expel from = left from 从...中排除
prompted = stimulated 激起,促使
explicit = clearly expressed 明确的,清晰的
imply = suggest 暗示
真题原文
Honeybee Society
Honeybee colonies are essentially societies of females. In a hive of perhaps 20,000 bees, only a few hundred will be male bees, called drones. They are around only in the spring or summerlong enough to rise to treetop level in a comet-like swarm, chasing after one of the queen bees that have assembled from various hives at a mating site. Of the many drones assembled, only 10 to 15 will actually mate with a queen during one of her mating flights. Each drone that is successful dies in the process, however, and a similar fate awaits drones that aren't successful; once mating is done, they will be expelled from their hives or killed.
The week of mating flights prepares the queen for a lifetime of prodigious egg laying; she will produce up to 2,000 fertile eggs a day for years. Nearly all of the offspring that hatch from these eggs are female; they are the hive's worker bees; and they are well named, for it is they who will maintain the hive, forage for food, store the food away, care for newly laid eggs, and more. It is they who will do everything for the colony, in other words, except lay eggs and mate with the queen.
Over their brief adult lives of perhaps six weeks, every worker bee takes on, in a predictable order, nearly all the worker tasks that the hive has to offer. For the first three days of her life, a worker is primarily a cleaner of the cells that the bee larvae (immature, wormlike bees) are stored in. As the days pass, she becomes primarily a larvae feeder, then a hive construction worker, then an entrance guard and food storer, and finally a forager, going out to secure nectar, pollen, and water for the colony. Within this structure, however, a worker's life is one of surprising flexibility. After becoming a construction worker, for example, she still engages in some cell cleaning; and throughout her life, she spends a good deal of time resting and patrolling the hive.
Importantly, there is no chain of command in a colonyno group of workers communicating the message more food needed now or cell cleaning needed over here. How, then, does all this work get organized among tens of thousands of bees Bees are prompted to act either because of environmental conditions (the temperature of the hive, for example) or because of signals or cues they receive from other bees. The signals are explicit acts of communication, as with the famous waggle dance that bees perform to inform their fellow workers of the location of food sites.
Quite often, however, bees are reacting to cues they get from other bees that simply imply a given condition. Take, as an example, a cue that researcher Thomas Seeley confirmed that has to do with unloading time at the hive. In a well-fed hive, forager bees gather food only from flower patches that have lots of nectar. When a hive is near starvation, however, the foragers aren't so choosy; then low-yield flower patches will do. So, how does a forager know whether to be choosy or not How is she informed of the nutritional status of the colony, in other words Her informational source is the length of time it takes her to unload her food. Providing the cues are the food-storer bees, which receive the food the foragers bring back and then process it into honey and pack it away in the hive. It takes a returning forager a relatively long time to make contact with a food-storer bee in a well-fed hive, but a relatively short time in a starving hive. Why Because in a well-fed hive, the food storers have plenty to keep them busythere is plenty of food to store away. If, however, a forager can make contact with a food storer within 15 seconds of entering the hive, the forager knows the colony is low on food and will start paying visits to low-yield sites. This is but one example of how life in the colony is self-organizing; each bee's behavior is shaped by the behavior of other bees.
07
Iron Working in Ancient Africa
古代非洲的炼铁技术
2016.08.27
第一种理论:认为是来自腓尼基人的传播
第一段:很多学者认为非洲炼铁技术是由腓尼基商人带来;他们航海到达北非建立定居点,用他们生产的铁器与定居点周围的非洲农民交换食物,由此传播了冶炼技术。
第二段:到公元前600年,腓尼基商人定居点已成为地中海西部最富有的城市,其商业经济依靠对撒哈拉地区贸易路线的控制;撒哈拉地区发现的岩石壁画证明了腓尼基人商品贸易的存在。
第二种理论(反驳):认为不是来自腓尼基人
第三段:并不是所有学者都认为非洲的炼铁技术是由腓尼基商人和其贸易伙伴带来,有人认为炼铁技术是在摩洛哥到也门的一个弧形区域发展而来;还有人认为是非洲自身独立发展的。
第四段:到公元前一千年,在非洲很多地方已经出现了炼铁炉(iron furnace),西非发现的炼铁炉与北非有所不同,暗示着它的炼铁技术存在某些非洲独有的创新之处。
炼铁技术的结果和影响
第五段:无论非洲的炼铁术是外面引进还是自己发展的,它都迅速地传遍了西非,有了铁制武器和工具,非洲人可以扫清很多自然障碍和政治障碍,也造成了劳动分工,最终引起了阶级分层。
第六段:炼铁技术是否有助于班图人迁徙:语言学家观察到西非炼铁工业的发展时间与Bantu语的传播时间一致,但并没有足够证据表明两者有相关关系,历史学家认为“炼铁技术的传播使得Bantu人能够广泛迁移”的假设过于简单。
Vocabulary Card
exclusively = only 仅仅
regardless of = no matter 不管,不论
distinct = clear 明显的,清晰的
adaptable to the iron technology = could be used with the iron technology 适应制铁技术
08
Early Life-forms and Earth Atmosphere
地球大气的早期生命形式
2019.07.06,2019.02.23,2014.06.15
先讲了生物形成的条件,第一是离太阳的位置刚刚好;第二是先有bacteria,然后才有更加复杂的生物;原始的大气层是由一些methane和二氧化碳组成,温室气体,在当时太阳不是那么bright的时候(dim period)提供了一些热量,可以使早期生物生存;现在的地球是氢气和氧气主要组成,如果现在的大气层还和之前一样那么多methane和二氧化碳的话,地球会too hot for organisms to survive(这里考到一个题,早期和现在的大气区别);然后又说到细菌产生的氧气可以阻挡UV(紫外线),为生物提供protection,而其他planet没有氧气,所以生物无法生存。
Vocabulary Card
altered = transformed 改变
emitted = released 释放
retarding = slowing 迟滞,延迟
abundant = plentiful 大量的
sustain = support 支持
真题原文
Early Life-Forms and Earth’s Atmosphere
Why has life flourished on Earth? This question has a two-part answer. First, Earth has been a cradle for life because of its position relative to the Sun. second, once life began on Earth, simple early life-forms (photosynthetic bacteria) slowly but inexorably altered the environment in a manner that not only maintained life but also paved the way for later, complex life-forms. These changes allowed later organisms to evolve and thrive. Humans and other higher organisms owe their life-supporting environment to these early life-forms.
Earth’s earliest atmosphere contained several gases: hydrogen, water vapor, ammonia, nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide, but no oxygen. Gas mixtures emitted from present-day volcanoes resemble this early atmosphere, suggesting its origin from volcanic eruptions. In Earth’s earliest atmosphere, methane and carbon dioxide occurred at much higher levels than at present—a circumstance that was favorable for early life. Methane and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases that warm atmospheres by retarding loss of heat to space. These two gases kept Earth warm during the Sun’s early history, when the Sun did not burn as brightly as it now does. (An early dim period, with later brightening, is normal for stars of our Sun’s type.)
Earth’s modern atmosphere, which is 78 percent nitrogen gas, 21 percent oxygen, and about 1 percent argon, water vapor, ozone, and carbon dioxide, differs dramatically from the earliest atmosphere just described. The modern atmosphere supports many forms of complex life that would not have been able to exist in Earth’s first atmosphere because the oxygen level was too low. Also, if atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide were as abundant now as they were in Earth’s earliest atmosphere, the planet’s temperature would likely be too hot for most species living today. How and when did the atmosphere change?
The answer to this riddle lies in the metabolic activity of early photosynthetic life-forms that slowly but surely transformed the chemical composition of Earth’s atmosphere. Some of these early organisms were photosynthetic relatives of modern cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria). In the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide gas combined with water yields oxygen. In Earth’s early days, all over the planet countless photosynthetic bacteria performed photosynthesis. Together, these ancient bacteria removed massive amounts of carbon dioxide from Earth’s atmosphere by converting it to solid organic carbon. These ancient bacteria also released huge quantities of oxygen into the atmosphere. Other ancient bacteria consumed methane, greatly reducing its amount in the atmosphere. When our Sun later became hotter, the continued removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane by early bacteria kept Earth’s climate from becoming too hot to sustain life. Modern cyanobacteria still provide these valuable services today.
The bacterial oxygen release improved conditions for life in two ways. First, oxygen is essential for the metabolic process known as cell respiration that allows cells to efficiently harvest energy from organic food. Second, oxygen in the upper atmosphere reacts to form a protective shield of ozone. Earth is constantly bombarded by harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. Today, Earth’s upper-atmosphere ozone shield absorbs enough UV to allow diverse forms of life to survive. But because early Earth lacked oxygen in its atmosphere, it also lacked a protective ozone barrier. As a result, early life on Earth was confined to the oceans, where the water absorbed the UV radiation. Only after oxygen released by ancient bacteria drifted up into the upper atmosphere and reacted with other oxygen molecules to form a protective layer of ozone could life flourish at the surface and on the land. The absence of an oxygen atmosphere on Mars and other planets in our solar system means that these planets also lack an ozone shield that would protect surface-dwelling life from UV radiation. The surface of Mars is bombarded with deadly radiation; if any life exists on Mars, it would almost certainly be subterranean.
09
Megalopolis
特大城市群
2019.04.13,2018.11.25
第一段介绍背景:美国的农业和工业主要在内陆地区,对进口产品有很大需求,从欧洲或者其他地方进口很多产品;同时美国内陆产品也需要市场。美国东海岸有着天然的地理优势,有很多深水港口,促进了城市发展,是美国主要的出口集中地。美国东海岸城市集聚,不到2%的国土上集聚了20%的人口。
第二段说这样集聚的城市有很多,它们共同被称为Megalopolis(特大城市群)。不仅包含几个主要的城市,还有主要城市周边的小城市,以及乡村地区。这些地区没有统一的政府管理,独立发展又相互联系。和内陆地区通过interstate transportation (州际交通)联系在一起,吸引了很多人。在这里集聚的人们要忍受拥堵的交通还有高昂的房租,但也享受了较高的就业率和丰富的食物(考了一个因果类双选题,问advantage)。
第三段:城市集聚还因为这里的水路多瀑布(falls),所以向内和向外的船舶无法直接通行,货物需要更换运输方式,需要修建仓库(warehouse) 和雇佣劳动力(labor),促进了城市的兴起和人口的集聚。
第四段:因为全球城市化的发展,有人称这现象为Megalopolis。这在美国是独一无二(unique)的。不过随着全球经济的发展,在世界上其他地方也出现了类似的现象,比如在日本、欧洲等。
第五段:集聚有什么结果呢?这促进了美国东部城市的发展,提高了城市的竞争力。美国内陆的商品可以通过交通快速销售。
第六段:但是随着全球竞争的加剧,美国东部海岸城市发展较早,也面临着基础设施落后、市场份额下降的威胁。需要通过征税更新基础设施建设,提高全球竞争力。
10
Spectroscopy
光谱学
2019.01.26
白光经过棱镜可以看到很多颜色的光,两个科学家差不多同时发现仔细分析可以看到很多暗线,提到纳元素可以发出两种特定的谱线,科学家可以通过这个鉴别其他元素。每个元素都会发出或吸收特定的谱线,穿过材料的冷热不一样,由此发明了光谱仪,可以根据频谱确定物质种类,发热是亮线吸热是暗线,推测星球的元素组成。
11
社交型昆虫的分工
2018.05.06
开头介绍了一种蜂,依据体型分类,不过一般的蜂除了女王特别大别的蜂体型都差不多,没有显差异,很多昆虫是靠年龄来分工的。第三段先说了黄蜂,它们是按年龄分的,不过他们在同一年龄阶段的工作比较随意,就是同样年龄的蜂既可能负责这项工作也可能负责那项工作。然后说了蜜蜂,有比较明确的不同年龄层的分工,年轻蜜蜂专门负责养小蜜蜂,大点的蜜蜂负责外出。第四和第五段说科学家想知道他们的分工会不会改变,所以他们改变了一种蜂的年龄层结构,然后发现年纪更大的老蜜蜂把巢内的工作让给年轻蜜蜂,然后马上转去巢外的工作了,所以说明他们的分工是可变的。
12
石器与陶器
2018.04.21
有一种黑曜石(obsidian)做的石器(stone tool)的边缘比铁器要薄好多倍,考古学家用这种材质做的工具来切断食物和砍树,然后看看上面的划痕(wear marks),并且和考古发现的此类工具的痕迹比对,就识别出了这些古代工具的用途。陶器(ceramic),晒转坯(sundried bricks)和低温窑(kiln)做的陶瓷不耐用(durable),所以剩下的考古碎片(fragment)很少,但是在亚洲和欧洲有的地方用高温窑来烧制的陶器却更加持久,所以保留下来的陶片很多。
13
埃及文字
美索不达米亚地区文明的发展,影响到埃及人的象形文字和写作,在贸易中记手稿,还把他们留下来的东西和埃及的做对比。科学家还没有解码埃及人的文字因为证据还很少,但是科学家们推测这些文字与日常生活、宗教、规则等息息相关。埃及的文字看上去像是突然出现的,和另一种文字很像,可能是因为以前的文字证据没有被发现或者保存下来所以像是没有进化一样。
14
帝国兴衰
帝国(empire)的衰落及其兴盛的因素:环境、人口数量、疾病。
15
海洋生物入侵
某种salt能stabilize船所以被填充在船里,经常被dump到各种地方的港口,同时就会将很多外来生物留到新的地方,虽然情况很少见但是有时候生物在新的环境里生存下来之后就很难控制,举了几个例子。
16
瓷器
欧洲从中国进口景德镇的瓷器。
17
The Idea of Continental Drift
大陆漂移学说
2018.11.04,2018.10.13,2016.11.13
由于few fossils and rocks都存在两块分离的状态,所以有科学家提出大陆漂移学说,举例是非洲和南美洲,他原来以为大陆板块是由于潮汐和海浪的影响的分离的,但是其他人不赞同,因为抄袭没有那么大的能量可以移动一整块板块,在之后也出现了受到太阳系内其他天体的影响相关的分离大陆板块的理论。
Vocabulary Card
mounted = grew 上升
collated = assembled 整合
incredibly = amazingly 难以置信地
accounts for = explains 解释
考题再现
提示:第四段主要讲述两个问题:究竟是什么力量推动板块漂移,以及海洋是如何形成的?
Para4段意:地球表面分为13个板块或更多小板块。山脊形成于这些板块的边缘。这些板块漂浮在部分融化的地幔层之上(on top of the partially molten layer of the mantle)。一些板块携带大陆,另一些板块不携带大陆而只是承载海洋。携带大陆的板块对大陆漂移负责。大陆漂移的速度和板块漂移(分离或汇聚)的速度完全一致。板块漂移的原因来自承载板块的下方地幔层中融化岩石的流动(currents within the fluid rock of the mantle below),这部分融化的岩石介于岩石圈(lithosphere)和地核(core)之间。板块本身是由地壳层和上地幔层的固体岩石组成,并不融化。组成板块的地壳层的属性不同,分为大陆地壳和海洋地壳。大陆地壳比海洋地壳更厚,但密度更小。这就解释了为什么漂浮在部分融化的地幔中的海洋地壳会下沉到比大陆地壳更低的位置。因此,水由于重力作用汇聚到更低的海洋地壳所处位置而形成了海洋。
考题1
Which of the following facts about the ocean is directly explained in paragraph 4?
A. Why oceans cover a larger area of Earth’s surface than continental crust does
B. Why oceanic crust is denser than continental crust
C. Why oceans form where they do
D. Why oceanic crust is thinner than continental crust
考题2
Paragraph 4 supports which TWO of the following statements about differences between oceanic crust and continental crust? To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
A. Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust.
B. Oceanic crust is not as thick as continental crust.
C. Oceanic crust contains part of the upper mantle but continental crust does not.
D. Oceanic crust floats in liquid rock but continental crust does not.
考题3
Which of the following questions is NOT answered by paragraph 4?
A. Where is the lithosphere located in relationship to the other layers of Earth?
B. How is it possible for the speed of currents within the fluid rock of the mantle to vary from one location to another?
C. Which type of plate is responsible for continental drift?
D. How many major plates make up the surface of Earth?
回忆17:
阅读 下午场