A
A facial expression is one or more motionsor positions of the muscles in the skin. These movements convey the emotionalstate of the individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form ofnonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying socialinformation among aliens, but also occur in most other mammals ( 哺乳动物) and some other animal species.Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, to some extent,vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the works of Charles Darwin.
B
Humans can adopt a facial expression toread as a voluntary action. However, cause expressions are closely tied toemotion, they are more often involuntary ( 不知不觉的). It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions,even when it would be strongly desirable to do so; a person who is trying toavoid insulting an individual he or she finds highly unattractive
might , nevertheless, show a briefexpression of disgust before being able to reassume a neutral expression.Microexpressions( 微表情)are one example of this phenomenon. The close link between emotionand expression can also work in the other direction; it has been observed thatvoluntarily assuming an expression can actually cause the associated emotion.
C
Some expressions can be accuratelyinterpreted even between members of different species- anger and extremecontentment ( 满足， 满意) being the primary examples . Others , however, are difficult tointerpret even in familiar individuals. For instance, disgust and fear can betough to tell apart. Because faces have only a limited range of movement,expressions rely upon fairly minuscule differences in the proportion andrelative position of facial features, and reading them requires considerablesensitivity to same. Some faces are often falsely read as expressing someemotion, even when they are neutral, because their proportions naturallyresemble those another face would temporarily assume.
D
Also, a person 1s eyes reveal much abouthow they are feeling, or what they are thinking. Blink rate( 眨眼率)can reveal how nervous or atease a person may be. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggeststhat stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He- supports his data withstatistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential candidatesand their success in their races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in thepresidential debates has lost every election since 1980. Though Tecce 1 s datais interesting, it is important to recognize that non-verbal communication ismulti-channeled, and focusing on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness canalso be measured by examining each candidates’ perspiration, eye contact and stiffness.
E
As Charles Darwin noted in his book TheExpression of the Emotions in Man and Animals:the young and the old of widelydifferent races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind bythe same movements. Still, up to the mid—20th century most anthropologists ( 人类学家）believed that facial expressions were entirely learned and couldtherefore differ among cultures. Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekmaneventually supported Darwin’s belief to a large degree.
F
Ekman’s work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work of psychologistSilvan Tomkins. Ekman showed that contrary to the belief of someanthropologists including Margaret Mead, facial expressions of emotion are notculturally determined, but universal across human cultures. The South Forepeople of New Guinea were chosen as subjects for one such survey. The studyconsisted of 189 adults and 130 children from among a very isolated population,as well as twenty three members of the culture who lived a less isolatedlifestyle as a control group. Participants were told a story that described oneparticular emotion; they were then shown three pictures (two for children) offacial expressions and asked to match the picture which expressed the story’s emotion.
G
While the isolated South Fore people couldidentify emotions with the same accuracy as the non-isolated control group,problems associated with the study include the fact that both fear and surprisewere constantly misidentified. The study concluded that certain facialexpressions correspond to particular emotions and can not be covered,regardless of cultural background, and
regardless of whether or not the culturehas been isolated or exposed to the mainstream.
H
Expressions Ekman found to be universalincluded those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise(note that none of these emotions has a definitive social component, such asshame, pride, or schadenfreude). Findings on contempt (which is social) areless clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that thisemotion and its expression are universally
recognized. This may suggest that the facialexpressions are largely related to the mind and each parts on the face canexpress specific emotion.
Questions 28-32 .............................................................................
Summary
Complete the Summary paragraph described below. In boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet, write the correct answer with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
The result of Ekman’s study demonstrates that fear and surprise are persistently 28 and made a conclusion that some facial expressions have something to do with certain 29 which is impossible covered, despite of 29 and whether the culture has been 30 or 31 to the mainstream.
Questions 33-38 .............................................................................
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter J-J^ in boxes 34-38 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
33 the difficulty identifying the actual meaning of facial expressions
34 the importance of culture on facial expressions
35 collected data for the research on the relation between blink and the success in elections
36 impossible to differentiate some closely related expressions
37 an indicator to reflect one’s extent of nervousness
38 the relation between emotion and facial expressions
Questions 39-40 .............................................................................
Choose two letters from the A-E
Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet.
Which Two of the following statements are true according to Ekman’s theory?
A No evidence shows animals have their own facial expressions.
B Mind controls man’s facial expressions.
C Facial expressions are concerning different cultures.
D Different spots on face convey certain state of mind.
E The definite relationship between facial expressions and state of mind exists
参考答案
28 misidentified
【原文参考依据-G段】While the isolated South Forepeople could identify emotions with the sme accuracy as the non-isolatedcontrol group, problems associated with the study include the fact that bothfear and surprise were constantly misidentifield. The study concluded thatcertain facial expressions correspond to particular emostions and can not beconvered, regardless ofcultural backgroud, and regardless of wether or not theculture has beenisolated or exposed to the mainstream.
29 emotions
【原文参考依据-G段】While the isolated South Forepeople could identify emotions with the sme accuracy as the non-isolatedcontrol group, problems associated with the study include the fact that bothfear and surprise were constantly misidentifield. The study concluded thatcertain facial expressions correspond to particular emostions and can not beconvered, regardless ofcultural backgroud, and regardless of wether or not theculture has beenisolated or exposed to the mainstream.
30 cultural background
【原文参考依据-G段】While the isolated South Forepeople could identify emotions with the sme accuracy as the non-isolatedcontrol group, problems associated with the study include the fact that bothfear and surprise were constantly misidentifield. The study concluded thatcertain facial expressions correspond to particular emostions and can not beconvered, regardless ofcultural backgroud, and regardless of wether or not theculture has beenisolated or exposed to the mainstream.
31 isolated
【原文参考依据-G段】While the isolated South Forepeople could identify emotions with the sme accuracy as the non-isolatedcontrol group, problems associated with the study include the fact that bothfear and surprise were constantly misidentifield. The study concluded thatcertain facial expressions correspond to particular emostions and can not beconvered, regardless ofcultural backgroud, and regardless of wether or not theculture has beenisolated or exposed to the mainstream.
32 exposed
【原文参考依据-G段】While the isolated South Forepeople could identify emotions with the sme accuracy as the non-isolatedcontrol group, problems associated with the study include the fact that bothfear and surprise were constantly misidentifield. The study concluded thatcertain facial expressions correspond to particular emostions and can not beconvered, regardless ofcultural backgroud, and regardless of wether or not theculture has beenisolated or exposed to the mainstream.
33 C
【原文参考依据-C段第二句】Others, however, are difficultto interpret even in familiar individuals
【原文参考依据-C段末句】Some faces are often falselyread as expressing some emotion, even when they are neutral, because theirproportions naturally resemble those another face would temporarily assume whenemoting.
C段第2句话，以及C段最后一句话，都在讲精确地分辨每个表情有多难，最后一句话翻译如下：有的面部表情会被错误地解读为某种情感的宣泄，即使它们没有任何倾向性，因为这些表情形成的面部部位的比例和其他表达某些情感时的比例很像。
34. A
【原文参考依据-A段末尾】Facial expressions are a form fononverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social informationamong aliens, but also occur in most other mammals and some other animalspecies. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, tosome extent, vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the worksof Charles Darwin.
虽然E段也有提到文化的重要性，但是不是“initially”。此题题目已做修改。
35 D
【原文参考依据-D段】Research by Boston Collegeprofessor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. Hesupports his datawith statistics on the relation between the blink rates ofpresidential cnadidates and their success in their races. Tecce claims that thefaster blinker in the presidential debates has lost every election since 1980.
定位词“blink，elections”，可以很容易地定位到D段。
36.H
题目为：thesociality of several facial expressions
【原文参考依据-H段首句】Expressions Ekman found to beuniversal included those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy sadness, andsurprise(note that none of these emotions has a definitive social component,such as shame, pride, or schadenfreude).
H段前几行列了若干不带社会成分的情感表达，之后又提了带社会成分的情感表达“contempt”。
37 D
【原文参考依据-D段第二句】Blink rate can reveal hownervous or at ease a person may be.”
38 B
【原文参考依据-B段第二句】However, because expressionsare closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary.
39-40 BD
【原文参考依据-H段末句】This may suggest that the facialexpressions are largely related to the mind and each parts on the face canexpress specific emotion.
H段最后一句 这句话的翻译为：这可能说明面部表情在很大程度上是和想法密切相关的，并且在脸上的每个部位都表达特定的某种情感。因此选BD，
2021年5月20日中国大陆雅思A类笔试真题回忆+答案汇总（听说读写答案+机经整理汇总）
回忆1：
小作文 流程图 羊毛的加工过程
大作文
The best way to understand other cultures is to learn foreign languages . To what extent do you agree or disagree?
回忆2：
阅读
Passage1：农耕方式的发展
题型：填空+判断
待回忆
Passage2：古代不同民族间的商品交易
题型：待回忆
Passage3: 沟通冲突
题型：段落信息+判断+单选
段落信息
27. iii
28. vii
29. i
30. iv
31. ix
32. viii
33. v
34. ii
判断
35. FALSE
36. TRUE
37. NOT GIVEN
38. TRUE
39. TRUE
单选
40. B
回忆3：
听力
Part 1：酒店入住咨询
题型：填空
1. running tour
2. sailing
3. balcony
4. pottery
5. beach
6. shopping mall
7. birds
8. Internet
9. gym
10. cycling
Part2：选择建筑公司
题型：单选+多选
单选
11. range of price
12. C
13. C
14. C
15. one day
16. A
多选
17-18. previous clients record on the website / previous work done for clients
19-20. B. Turn to insurance claim / D. ask the construction company to rebuild
Part 3：关于演讲报告的讨论
题型：单选+配对
单选
21. A
22. A
23. Too broad
24. B
25. A
26. C
配对
27. write an introduction
28. Research futher on the topic
29. Put a statement on every picture and support it
30. all the thoughts link together
Part 4：图书馆调查
题型：填空题
31. practice
32. pleasure
33. definition
34. skills
35. impact
36. children
37. priority
38. membership
39. feedback
40.planning
回忆4：
阅读
Passage1：农耕方式的发展
Passage2: 古代两个民族的商品交易
Passage3: 性格交流与冲突（Personalityand Communicating Conflict）
A
As far back as Hippocrates’time (460-370B.C.), people have tried tounderstand other people bycharacterizing them according to personality type ortemperament.Hippocratesbelieved there were four different body fluids thatinfluenced four basic typesof temperament. His work was further developed 500 yearslater by Galen. Thesedays there are any number of self-assessment tools thatrelate to the basicdescriptions developed by Galen, although we no longerbelieve the source to bethe types of body fluid that dominate our systems.
B
The values in self-assessments that helpdetermine personality style. Learning styles,communication styles,conflict-handling styles, or other aspects of individualsis that they helpdepersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships. Thedepersonalizationoccurs when you realize that others aren’t trying to bedifficult, but theyneed different or more information than you do. They’re notintending to berude: they are so focused on the task they forget about greetingpeople. Theywould like to work faster but not at the risk of damaging therelationshipsneeded to get the job done. They understand there is a job to do.But it canonly be done right with the appropriate information,which takes time to collect.When used appropriately, understanding communication stylescan help resolve conflict on teams. Veryrarely are conflicts true personalityissues. Usually they are issues of style,information needs, or focus.
C
Hippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basictemperaments:sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic (忧郁症) and choleric. These descriptions weredeveloped centuries ago andare still somewhat apt, although you could updatethe wording. In today’sworld, they translate into the four fairly commoncommunication stylesdescribed below:
D
The sanguine (乐 观的 )person would be the expressiveor spirited style of communication. These peoplespeak in pictures. They investa lot of emotion and energy in theircommunication and often speak quickly.Putting their whole body into it. Theyare easily sidetracked onto a story thatmay or may not illustrate the pointthey are trying to make. Because of theirenthusiasm, they are great teammotivators. They are concerned about people and relationships.Their high levelsof energy can come on strong at times and their focus isusually on the biggerpicture, which means they sometimes miss the details orthe proper order ofthings. These people find conflict or differences ofopinion invigorating andlove to engage in a spirited discussion. They lovechange and are constantly lookingfor new and exciting adventures.
E
Tile phlegmatic person - cool and persevering - translatesinto the technicalor systematic communication style. This style ofcommunication is focused onfacts and technical details. Phlegmatic people havean orderly methodical wayof approaching tasks, and their focus is very much onthe task, not on thepeople, emotions, or concerns that the task may evoke. Thefocus is also more onthe details necessary to accomplish a task. Sometimes thedetails overwhelm thebig picture and focus needs to be broughtbackto thecontext of the task. Peoplewith this style think the facts should speak forthemselves, and they are notas comfortable with conflict. They need timetoadapt to change and need to understand both the logic of it and thestepsinvolved.
F
Tile melancholic person who is softhearted and orientedtoward doing thingsfor others translates into the considerate or sympatheticcommunication style.A person with this communication style is focused on peopleand relationships.Theyare good listeners and do things for otherpeople-sometimes to thedetriment of getting things done for themselves. Theywant to soliciteveryone’s opinion and make sure everyone is comfortable withwhatever isrequired toget the job done. At times this focus on others candistract fromthe task at hand. Because they are so concerned with the needs ofothers andsmoothing overissues, they do not like conflict. They believe thatchangethreatens the status quo (现状) and tends to make people feel uneasy, so peoplewiththiscommunication style, like phlegmatic(冷淡的，迟钝的) people need time toconsider the changes in order to adaptto them.
G
The choleric (暴躁的) temperamenttranslates into the bold or direct style ofcommunication. People with thisstyle are brief in their communication - thefewer words the better. They arebig picture thinkers and love to be involved inmany things at once. They arefocused on tasks and outcomes and often forgetthat the people involved incarrying out the tasks have needs. They don’t dodetail work easily and as aresult can often underestimate how much time ittakes to achieve the task.Because they are so direct, they often seem forcefuland can be veryintimidating to others. They usually would welcome someonechallenging them.But most other styles are afraid to do so. They also thrive onchange, the morethe better.
H
A well-functioning team should have all of thesecommunication styles fortrueeffectiveness. All teams need to focus on the task,and they need totakecare of relationships in order to achieve those tasks. Theyneed the bigpicture perspective or the context of their work, and they need thedetails tobe identified and taken care of for success. We all have aspects ofeach style within us. Some of us can easily move from one style to another andadapt ourstyle to the needs of the situation at hand-whether the focus is ontasks orrelationships. For others, a dominant style is very evident, and it ismorechallenging to see the situation from the perspective of another style.Thework environment can influence communication styles either by the type ofworkthat is required or by the predominance of one style reflected inthatenvironment. Some people use one style at work and another at home. Thegoodnews about communication styles is that we have the ability todevelopflexibility in our styles. The greater the flexibility we have, themoreskilled we usually are at handling possible and actual conflicts. Usuallyit has to berelevant to us to do so, either because we think it is important orbecausethere are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key is thatwehave to wantto become flexible with our communication style. As HenryFordsaid, “Whether you think you can or you can’t, you’re right!”
34. ii
【原文参考依据——H段第一句】
A well-functioning team should have all of these communication styles for true effectives. “all of these communication styles”对应ii项的“combined styles”。
35-39 判断题
35 FALSE D段最后一句
【原文参考依据——D段最后一句】
They love change and are constantly looking for new and exciting adventures. “change”和题干的“variety”是同义表达。
36 TRUE F段最后
【原文参考依据——F段最后一句】melancholic people)like phlegmatic people need time to consider the changes in order to adapt to them.
37 NOT GIVEN
【原文参考依据——无】
谈及“sanguine personality”的相关信息在D段，但并没有提及其是否"eded most in the workplace"。
38. TRUE
【原文参考依据——Section H第一段第五至六行】
Some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand. “move from one style to another"与题干“change type of personality"是同义表达。
39 TRUE
【原文参考依据—— Section H第二段第一句】The work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work that is required or by the predominance of one stytle reflected in that environment.题干中“work surrounding can affect which communication style is the most effective.” 工作环境能够影响那种交流方式最为有效。对比题干和原文的信息，原文中明确表示The work environment can influence communication styles, 但这种影响是“either by the type of work that is required or by predominance of one style reflected in that environment”,也就是说不同的工作环境或该环境所体现的主流交流方式对交流方式是有选择的，通过这些方式选择出的交流方式便是适应该工作环境最为有效的交流方式。
40. B
【原文参考依据——B段第三行】
B段的第三行提到self-assessments的价值在于“help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships"与B选项的“help to understand colleagues and resolve problems"是同义表达。
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