回忆1：
阅读
第一篇是知道最多的人
第二篇是英国的羊毛
第三篇是制造者与消费者对于商品选择认识的差异
回忆2：
大作文：Today, advanced science and technology have made great changes to people's iffe, but artistssuch as musicians, painters and writers are still highly valued. What can artstell us about life that science and technology cannot?
小作文：地图题，一个城市1950 2007的变化
回忆3：
听力
Part 1 咨询潜水课程
题型：填空
1-10 填空
1. level of the beginning 或者 for the beginners
2. the month: July
3. on a Saturday
4. Initially, they will have indoor training
5. they will dive in a lake at a mountain
6. equipment: only need to buy diving mask
7. we also give homework every night.
8. there is a certificate to offer
另一版本为total cost: 375
9. more about health information
另一版本为registration number/name on the form
10. check the website for more information
Part 2 答案缺失
Part 3 新西兰已经灭绝的鸟类（恐鸟）
题型：选择+匹配
（这篇的答案可能会有些争议，但小编自己两年前考试的时候正好遇到过，当时听力是9分，所以请放心核对）
21-26 选择
21. one similar thing that the moa shares with the dinosaur is
A. both are of interest to the public
22. what is the difference between moa and other birds
A. no wing bones
23. the special feature of their chicks is that
C. find food by themselves
24. 老师对于雄性孵蛋的反应
B. maybe
25. 有人在新西兰又看到这种鸟，学生对此的态度
C. amused
26. the reason why the moa was extinct is
B. human
27-30 匹配
27. the northern island moa: A. female tallest
28. the costal moa: B. few fossils remain
29. the sout-legged moa: D. fed at night
30. the eastern Moa: E. more vocal
Part 4 机场建设意见
题型：填空
31-40 填空（欢迎大家留言补充）
31. outside
32. corridors
33. space
34. shops
35. screens
36. color
37. size
38. glass
39. square
回忆4：
听力
妇女咨询潜水课
1-10填空题：
1. 一女子要报游泳班，男子劝她先上level of thebeginning/ basic or forbeginners
2. The month on July
3. On a Saturday
4. Initially they will have indoortraining
5. 等学完课程，they will be diving in a lakeat a mountain
6. Equipment: only need to buy diving mask潜水镜
7. We also give homework everyday
8. Cost total: 350 or 375 (notsure)
9. 问要填表的时候registration（注册） writing the health information on the form
10. 如果需要更多信息 if need more information，visitwebsite
S3 主题：一种已灭绝野生鸟moa
21-26 单选
21. one similar thing the moa is withdinosaur (选A)
A. both are of interest to thepublic
B both are extinct at similar time
C both left lot Fossils remains
22 what is the difference between moa andother birds (选A)
A no wing bones B tail C has asmaller head
23. the special feature of their chicks(选C)
A never return to the nests
B most die at two months
C can find food by themselves
24. 老师对female的反应如何(选B)
A trouble to think B may think C certainty to think
25. 学生的态度(选C)
A surprised B worried C amused
26. The reason why the Moa was extinct (选B)
A climate change
B human interference
C other animals competition
27-30 matching
27. A Thetallest female
28 B. fewfossil remains
29 D it may fee
30 F have pooreyesight
回忆5：
阅读
第一篇：托马斯•杨 Thomas Young The lastTrue Know-It-All
A
Thomas Young (1773-1829) contributed 63 articles to the EncyclopediaBritannica, including 46 biographical entries (mostly on scientists andclassicists) and substantial essays on "Bridge,” "Chromatics,""Egypt," "Languages" and "Tides". Was someone whocould write authoritatively about so many subjects a polymath, a genius or adilettante? In an ambitious new biography, Andrew Robinson argues that Young isa good contender for the epitaph "the last man who knew everything."Young has competition, however: The phrase, which Robinson takes for his title,also serves as the subtitle of two other recent biographies: Leonard Warren's1998 life of paleontologist Joseph Leidy (1823-1891) and Paula Findlen's 2004book on Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), another polymath.
B
Young, of course, did more than write encyclopedia entries. Hepresented his first paper to the Royal Society of London at the age of 20 andwas elected a Fellow a week after his 21st birthday. In the paper, Youngexplained the process of accommodation in the human eye on how the eye focusesproperly on objects at varying distances. Young hypothesized that this wasachieved by changes in the shape of the lens. Young also theorized that lighttraveled in waves and he believed that, to account for the ability to see incolor, there must be three receptors in the eye corresponding to the three"principal colors" to which the retina could respond: red, green,violet. All these hypothesis were subsequently proved to be correct.
C
Later in his life, when he was in his forties, Young was instrumentalin cracking the code that unlocked the unknown script on the Rosetta Stone, atablet that was "found" in Egypt by the Napoleonic army in 1799. Thestone contains text in three alphabets: Greek, something unrecognizable andEgyptian hieroglyphs. The unrecognizable script is now known as demotic and, asYoung deduced, is related directly to hieroglyphic. His initial work on thisappeared in his Britannica entry on Egypt. In another entry, he coined the termIndo-European to describe the family of languages spoken throughout most ofEurope and northern India. These are the landmark achievements of a man who wasa child prodigy and who, unlike many remarkable children, did not disappearinto oblivion as an adult.
D
Born in 1773 in Somerset in England, Young lived from an earlyage with his maternal grandfather, eventually leaving to attend boardingschool. He haddevoured books from the age of two, and through his owninitiative he excelled at Latin, Greek, mathematics and natural philosophy.After leaving school, he was greatly encouraged by his mother's uncle, RichardBrocklesby, a physician and Fellow of the Royal Society. Following Brocklesby'slead, Young decided to pursue a career in medicine. He studied in London,following the medical circuit, and then moved on to more formal education inEdinburgh, Gottingen and Cambridge. After completing his medical training atthe University of Cambridge in 1808, Young set up practice as a physician inLondon. He soon became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and a fewyears later was appointed physician at St. George's Hospital.
E
Young's skill as a physician, however, did not equal his skill as ascholar of natural philosophy or linguistics. Earlier, in 1801, he had beenappointed to a professorship of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution,where he delivered as many as 60 lectures in a year. These were published intwo volumes in 1807. In 1804 Young had become secretary to the Royal Society, apost he would hold until his death. His opinions were sought on civic andnational matters, such as the introduction of gas lighting to London andmethods of ship construction. From 1819 he was superintendent of the NauticalAlmanac and secretary to the Board of Longitude. From 1824 to 1829 he wasphysician to and inspector of calculations for the Palladian Insurance Company.Between 1816 and 1825 he contributed his many and various entries to theEncyclopedia Britannica, and throughout his career he authored numerous books,essays and papers.
F
Young is a perfect subject for a biography - perfect, but daunting. Fewmen contributed so much to so many technical fields. Robinson's aim is tointroduce non-scientists to Young's work and life. He succeeds, providing clearexpositions of the technical material (especially that on optics and Egyptianhieroglyphs). Some readers of this book will, like Robinson, find Young'saccomplishments impressive; others will see him as some historians have - as adilettante. Yet despite the rich material presented in this book, readers willnot end up knowing Young personally. We catch glimpses of a playful Young,doodling Greek and Latin phrases in his notes on medical lectures andtranslating the verses that a young lady had written on the walls of asummerhouse into Greek elegiacs. Young was introduced into elite society,attended the theatre and learned to dance and play the flute. In addition, hewas an accomplished horseman. However, his personal life looks pale next to hisvibrant career and studies.
G
Young married Eliza Maxwell in 1804, and according to Robinson,"their marriage was a happy one and she appreciated his work." Almostall we know about her is that she sustained her husband through some rancorousdisputes about optics and that she worried about money when his medical careerwas slow to take off. Very little evidence survives about the complexities ofYoung's relationships with his mother and father. Robinson does not creditthem, or anyone else, with shaping Young's extraordinary mind. Despite the lackof details concerning Young's relationships, however, anyone interested in whatit means to be a genius should read this book.
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in ReadingPassage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
1 “The last man who knew everything” has also been claimed to otherpeople.
2 All Young’s articles were published in Encyclopedia Britannica.
3 Like others, Young wasn't so brilliant when grew up.
4 Young's talents as a doctor are surpassing his other skills.
5 Young's advice was sought by people responsible for local andnational issues.
6 Young was interested in various social pastimes.
7 Young suffered from a disease in his later years.
Questions 8-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage foreach answer.
8 How many life stories did Young write for Encyclopedia Britannica?
9 What aspect of scientific research did Young do in his first academicpaper?
10 What name did Young introduce to refer to a group of languages?
11 Who inspired Young to start the medical studies?
12 Where did Young get a teaching position?
13 What contribution did Young make to London?
中文翻译：
A 我们该怎样理解托马斯•杨（1773-1829）？他是《大不列颠百科全书》中63篇文章的作者，其中包括46篇传记（大部分都是关于科学家和古典学者），和大量关于“桥” “色彩论” “埃及” “语吉” “潮汐”等的论文。一个能够写出这样多有权威性文章的人应该算是一个博学者？ 一个天才？还是一个业余兴趣广泛的人呢？在一篇关于他的比较激进的传记中，Andrew Robinson 认为托马斯杨是-位强有力的竞争者能够配得这样的墓志铭“是最后一个知道任何事的人”。但是杨也要面对竞争：因为这样的传记标题Robinson不仅给了他，也作为副标题给了有关另两位学者的传记：Lenard Warren1998年著的《古生物学家Joseph Leipy的一生》（1823-1891）以及Paula Findlen2004年著的关于另一位博学者AthanasiusKircher(1602-1680)的传记。
B 当然杨的贡献远不止写了很多百科全书上的文章，他在20岁的时候将自己的第一篇论文自荐给伦敦皇家学会,并在他的21岁生日后被评为一周科学人物，杨在该篇论文中解释了人类眼睛的调节机制一一关于眼睛如何通过不同的距离聚焦在物体上。在后面的文章中，他更加全面地探讨了这个问题，类似牛顿，他在自己身上进行了可怕的实验用以获得相关的证据，他还得出这样的理论：光是通过“以太”分子的振动，以波的形式进行传递的，而“以太”是一种假想物质，其存在还存在争议性。他还认为为了能看见颜色，必须要有3个感应器对“三原色”进行感应，而这三种视网膜对其产生感应的颜色就是红，黄，蓝二种颜色。
C 在他人生的晚些时候，也就是40多岁的时候，杨试图破解锁在罗塞塔石碑里的未知文字密码，这个石碑是在1799年在埃及被拿破仑的军队发现的，并且从1802年起就在英国博物馆进行展出。该石碑上包含了 3种不同的字母：希腊语，不可辨识的文字以及埃及的象形文字。这种不可辨识的文字现在被认为是正如杨所推断的是很普通的，是和象形文字直接相关的。他最初有关这方面的工作首次出现在他在《大不列颠百科全书》中编纂的词条。在另一个条目中，他创造了术语“Indo-European”来描述在欧洲大部分地区以及北印度使用的语言。这些都是这是这位从小就展露科学天赋并且不像很多孩子后来江郎才尽的科学家获得的里程碑式的成就。
D 托马斯•杨出生在英国萨默塞特郡一个虔诚的教友会教徒家庭，从小和他的外公一起长大，最后去了寄宿学校。他两岁的时候就博览群书，并且自学熟练掌握了拉丁语，希腊语，数学以及哲学，在很大程度上他受到了舅舅RichardBrocklesby的鼓励，他的舅舅也是英国皇家学会的一位内科医生。在Brocklesby的引导下，杨决定要在医学方而有所建树，他曾先后在伦敦大学、爱丁堡大学和格丁根大学学习医学，多亏了Brocklesby的引荐，杨进入了英国皇家学会，他最后也打破了从小在教友会的教育，他参加戏剧演出，学习跳舞和吹笛子，此外，他还是一位杰出的马术师。在1808年结束在剑桥大学的医学学习后，杨在伦敦开了一家诊所，很快他就成为皇家内科医生学会的一员，并且几年后成为圣乔治医院的一名内科医生。
E 杨作为内科医生的医术却赶不上他作为自然哲学学者或是语言学家取得的成就，早在1801年，他已经被任命为英国皇家学会的教授，他每年要在那里举办60场的讲座。这些讲座在1807年以两本书的形式进行出版。1804年杨就已经成为英国朵家学会的秘书，而他获此殊荣直至去世。他的很多观点关注人民和国家事务，比如说在伦敦引进煤气照明和造船方法。从1819年起，他就是航海天文年历的主要负责人，也是Board ofLongitude的秘书。从1824年到1829年，他担任Palladian 保险公司的精算师和内科医生。在1816年和1825年间，他为《大不列颠百科全书》编纂了许多词条，而且穷其一生著作，论文无数。
F 我们通过杨在医学课上胡乱写的希腊字母和拉丁文短语以及他将一位年轻的女士写在避暑山庄墙上的诗句翻译成挽歌可以看出他的幽默，但是他的个人生活也因为自己对工作和研究的全情投入而略显苍白。
G 他在1804年和Eliza Maxwell结婚，据Robinson所述“他们的婚姻是幸福的，因为他的夫人欣赏他的工作”。我们对于他夫人的了解仅限于她在她丈夫备受一些关于眼睛的理论方面争议的时候总是坚定地支持他，并且当他的医学生涯开始慢慢起飞的时候，她开始有些担心钱的问题。值得一提的是，杨没有被保护的人，他都是和自己的导师进行互动一一先是他的外公，后是Brocklesby一一还有先于他过失的一些伟人（其中很多是很著名的如牛顿，杨最早在17岁读了他写的书）。但是关于杨和他母亲以及父亲的关系的记述却鲜力人知，Robinson在说到杨的非凡的头脑时也并没有将其归功于他的父母，或许很难有这样的巧合：过去的天才都是由于卓越的父母教育造就的。
答案：
1. TRUE 2. FALSE 3. FALSE 4. NOT GIVEN
5. TRUE 6. TRUE 7. NOT GIVEN 8. 46
9. Human eye/ human eye accomodation 10. Indo-Europea
11. Richard Brocklesby 12. RoyalInstitution 13. gas lighting
第二篇：英国的羊毛
第三篇：新产品营销 Psychology of New Product Adoption
文章大意:
关于经济学相对优势的问题。内容有讲到企业与创新,并分析了一些消费者心理,同有各路专家出来给出解释。印象比较深刻的观点是说消费者会拿商品和自己已有的物品比较进行主观判断,而且总体上购买欲是比较消极的。有俩实验:
一个是让两组人分别扮演买者和卖者,对一批咖啡杯进行估价,卖者永远比买者估价高出一倍左右。
另一个是三组小朋友,一组可以任意选择被告知价格差不多的咖啡杯和瑞士巧克力,第二组有咖啡杯但他们可以选择用自己的咖啡杯去换巧克力,第三组有巧克力但可以选择用自己的巧克力换咖啡杯。结果已经有咖啡杯或巧克力的人,只有10%左右愿意拿手头的东西换新的。于是各路专家继续解释。
More than a century ago, Ralph Waldo Emerson is reported to have said, “If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mousetrap than his neighbor, though he build his house in the woods, the world will make a beaten path to his door.” If only marketing innovations were that simple.
In today’s hypercompetitive marketplace, companies that successfully introduce new products are more likely to flourish than those that don’t. Businesses spend billions of dollars making better “mousetraps” only to find consumers roundly rejecting them. Studies show that new products fail at the stunning rate of between 40% and 90%, depending on the category, and the odds haven’t changed much in the past 25 years. In the U.S. packaged goods industry, for instance, companies introduce 30,000 products every year, but 70% to 90% of them don’t stay on store shelves for more than 12 months. Most innovative products—those that create new product categories or revolutionize old ones—are also unsuccessful. According to one study, 47% of first movers have failed, meaning that approximately half the companies that pioneered new product categories later pulled out of those businesses.
Consider three high-profile innovations whose performances have fallen far short of expectations:
Webvan spent more than $1 billion to create an online grocery business, only to declare bankruptcy in July 2001 after failing to attract as many customers as it thought it would.
In spite of gaining the support of Apple’s Steve Jobs, Amazon’s Jeff Bezos, and many high-profile investors, Segway sold a mere 6,000 scooters in the 18 months after its launch—a far cry from the 50,000 to 100,000 units projected.
Although TiVo’s digital video recorder (DVR) has garnered rave reviews since the late 1990s from both industry experts and product adopters, the company had amassed $600 million in operating losses by 2005 because demand trailed expectations.
After the fact, experts and novices alike tend to dismiss unsuccessful innovations as bad ideas that were destined to fail. But surely that’s too simple an explanation. If these innovations are so misguided, why isn’t it obvious before the fact? Webvan was backed by seasoned retailers, executives, and investment bankers, but it was nonetheless a spectacular failure. While the Segway and TiVo stories have yet to play out fully, both company executives and industry analysts were far more optimistic about those innovations than they should have been.
Why do consumers fail to buy innovative products even when they offer distinct improvements over existing ones? Why do companies invariably have more faith in new products than is warranted? Few would question the objective advantages of many innovations over existing alternatives, but that’s often not enough for them to succeed. To understand why new products fail to live up to companies’ expectations, we must delve into the psychology of behavior change. This article presents a behavioral framework that explains why so many products fail and outlines some actions that companies can take to improve their chances of success.
New products often require consumers to change their behavior. As companies know,those behavior changes entail costs. Consumers incur transaction costs, such as the activation fees they have to pay when they switch from one cellular service provider to another.They also bear learning costs, such as when they shift from manual to automatic automo-bile transmissions. People sustain obsolescence costs, too. For example, when they switch from VCRs to DVD players, their video-tape collections become useless. All of these are economic switching costs that most companies routinely anticipate. What businesses don’t take into account,however, are the psychological costs associated with behavior change. Many products fail be-cause of a universal, but largely ignored, psychological bias: People irrationally over value benefits they currently possess relative to those they don’t. The bias leads consumers to value the advantages of products they own more than the benefits of new ones. It also leads executives to value the benefits of innovations they’ve developed over the advantages of in-cumbent products. That leads to a clash in perspectives: Executives, who irrationally overvalue their innovations, must predict the buying behavior of consumers, who irrationally overvalue existing alternatives. The results are often disastrous:Consumers reject new products that would make them better off, while executives are at a loss to anticipate failure. This double-edged bias is the curse of innovation.
答案：
28.C 29.B 30.A 31.D 32.FALSE 33.TRUE
34.NOT GIVEN 35.TRUE 36.FALSE 37.B
38.C 39.A 40.C
回忆6：
回忆7：
回忆8：
回忆9：
回忆10：
回忆11：
回忆12：
2020年9月5日雅思考试总体反馈：重磅！9月5日雅思考试全部命中四个Sections原文原题原答案！命中大小作文原题目!命中口语绝大部分真题原题! 命中至少两篇阅读原文原题原答案！总体难度一般。2020年9月5日雅思听说读写全面大中,全面开花！（疫情期间，全球不同考区时差、A类、G类考生回忆数据比较少、收集不够齐全，待补充，还在不断更新中…）祝贺IRP会员将出现不少雅思高分人才！总体反馈请（复制链接）进入
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