2019年3月23日英国,德国,法国等欧洲考区雅思A类、G类笔试真题

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2019年3月23日英国,德国,法国等欧洲考区雅思A类、G类笔试真题回忆+答案汇总

回忆1：

英国

听力

S1是一个男的求职填表，我只记得他要做builder

S2是地图题，关于健身房介绍。包括各个地方在哪，不同课程的功能。

S3是两个学生讨论他们的作业，我记得有一题是他们教授记性不好，然后17th Century什么的。。后半截是选他们能通过作业学会什么技能。

S4是Egyptian Medicals 讲的埃及人怎么用的药

回忆2：

阅读
第一篇我忘了，想起来再补充
第二篇是企业社会责任CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)

原文：

The moral appeal---arguing that companies have a duty to be good citizens and to “do the right

thing”---is prominent in the goal of Business for Social Responsibility, the leading nonprofit CSR

business association in the United States.

A

An excellent definition was developed in the 1980s ‘‘Meeting the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The notion of license to

operate derives from the fact that every company needs tacit or explicit permission from

governments, communities, and numerous other stakeholders to do business. Finally, reputation

is used by many companies to justify CSR initiatives on the grounds that they will improve a

company’s image, strengthen its brand， enliven morale, and even raise the Value of its stock.

B

To advance CSR, we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a

corporation and society. To say broadly that business and society need each other might seem

like a cliché, but it is also the basic truth that will pull companies out of the muddle that their

current corporate-responsibility thinking has created. Successful corporations need a healthy

society. Education, health care, and equal opportunity are essential to a productive workforce.

Safe products and working conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of

accidents. Efficient utilization of land, water, energy, and other natural resources makes business

more productive. Good government, the rule of Jaw, and property rights are essential forefficiency and innovation. Any business that pursues its ends at the expense of the society in

which it operates will find its success to be illusory and ultimately temporary. At the same time, a

health society needs successful companies. No social program can rival the business sector when

it comes to creating the jobs, wealth, and innovation that improve standards of living and social

conditions over time.

C

A company’s impact on society also changes over time, as social standards evolve and science

progresses. Asbestos, now understood as a serious health risk, was thought to be safe in the early

1900s, given the scientific knowledge then available. Evidence of its risks gradually mounted for

more than 50 years before any company was held liable for the harms it can cause. Many firms

that failed to anticipate the consequences of this evolving body of research have been bankrupt

by the results. No longer can companies be content to monitor only the obvious social impacts of

today. Without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects of tomorrow, firms may risk their very survival.

D

No business can solve all of society’s problems or bear the cost of doing so. Instead, each

company must select issues that intersect with its particular business. Corporations are not

responsible for all the world's problems, nor do they have the resources to solve them all. Each

company can identify the particular set of societal problems that it is best equipped to help

resolve and from which it can gain the greatest competitive benefit. Addressing social issues by

creating shared value will lead to self-sustaining solutions that do not depend on private or

government subsidies. When a well-run business applies its vast resources, expertise, and

management talent to problems that it understands and in which it has a stake, it can have a

greater impact on social good than any other institution or philanthropic organization.

E

The best corporate citizenship initiatives involve far more than writing a check: they specify

clear, measurable goals and track results over time. A good example is GE’s program to adopt

underperforming public high schools near several of its major U.S. Facilities. The company

contributes between $250, 000 and $1 million over a five-year period to each school and makes

in-kind donations as well GE managers and employees take an active role by working with school

administrators to assess needs and mentor or tutor students. The graduation rate of these

schools almost doubled during this time period. Effective corporate citizenship initiatives such as

this one create goodwill and improve relations with local governments and other important

constituencies. What’s more, GE’s employees feel great pride in their participation. Their effect is

inherently limited though. No matter how beneficial the program is, it remains incidental to the

company's business, and the direct effect on GE’s recruiting and retention is modest.

F

Microsoft is a good example of a shared-value opportunity arising from investments in context.

The shortage of information technology workers is a significant constraint on Microsoft’s growth,

currently, there are more than 450,000 unfilled IT positions in the United States alone.

Community colleges, representing 45% of all U.S ． Undergraduates, could be a major solution.

Microsoft recognizes, however, that community colleges face special challenges: IT curricula are

not standardized, technology used in classrooms is often outdated, and there are no systematic

professional development programs to keep faculty up to date. In addition to contributing money

and products, Microsoft sent employee volunteers to colleges to assess needs, contribute to

curriculum development, and create faculty development institutes. Note that in this case,

volunteers and assigned staff were able to use their core professional skills to address a social

need, a far cry from typical volunteer programs. Microsoft has achieved results that havebenefited many communities while having a direct-and potentially significant-impact on the

company.

G

At the heart of any strategy is a unique value proposition: a set of needs a company can meet

for its chosen customers that others cannot. The most strategic CSR occurs when a company adds

a social dimension to its value proposition, making social impact integral to the overall strategy

Consider Whole Foods Market, whose value proposition is to sell organic, natural, and healthy

food products to customers who are passionate about food and the environment. Whole Foods’

commitment to natural and environmentally friendly operating practices extends well beyond

sourcing. Stores are constructed using a minimum of virgin raw materials. Recently, the company

purchased renewable wind energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity use in all of its stores

and facilities, the only Fortune 500 Company to offset its electricity consumption entirely. Spoiled

produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for composting. Whole Foods’

vehicles are being converted to run on biofuels. Even the cleaning products used in its stores are

environmentally friendly. And through its philanthropy, the company has created the Animal

Compassion Foundation to develop more natural and humane ways of raising farm animals. In

short, nearly every aspect of the company’s value chain reinforces the social dimensions of its

value proposition, distinguishing Whole Foods from its competitors.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below Write the correct number,i-xi, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet

List of Headings

I How CRS may help one business to expand

ii CRS in many aspect of a company’s business

Iii A CRS initiative without a financial gain

Iv Lack of action by the state of social issues

V Drives or pressures motivate companies to address CSR

Vi the past illustrates business are responsible for future outcomes

Vii Companies applying CRS should be selective

Viii Reasons that business and society benefit each other

14 Paragraph A

15 Paragraph B

16Paragraph C

17Paragraph D

18Paragraph E

19Paragraph F

20Paragraph G

The implement of CSR, HOW?

Promotion of CRS requires the understanding of interdependence between business and society. Corporations workers’ productivity generally needs health care, Education, and given 21----Restrictions imposed by government and companies both protect consumers from being treated unfairly. Improvement of the safety standard can reduce the 22---of accidents in the workplace. Similarly society becomes a pool of more human needs and aspirations.

23-26

LIST OF COMPANIES

A general electronics

B Microsoft

C Whole foods market

23 The disposable waste

24 the way company purchases as goos

25 helping the undeveloped

26 ensuring the people have the latest information

解析：

14-20

i How CSR may help one business to expand

反向思维词：CSR may help one buiness,expand

反向思维： 如果某段选此为标题，则该段落一般会出现CSR，并且讲到有没有帮助企业发展。

ii CSR in many aspects of a company’s business

反向思维词: CSR aspects business

反向思维：如果某段选此标题，该段落会出现CSR 对公司业务的各个方面怎样怎样。

iii A CSR initiative without a financial gain

反向思维词：financial gain

反向思维：如果某段选此标题，该段落会出现与financial 有关的信息;

iv Lack of action by the state of social issues

反向思维:这个标题的反向思维词并不明显，但该段落应该会讲述一些社会问题，是因为lack of action 导致的，应该具体举一例子来证明，所以通读全文时，有举例子的地方，考生需要留意下。

v Drives or pressures motivate companies to address CSR

反向思维词：drives pressures motivate companies

反向思维：如果某段选此标题，该段落会出现带动或者促进公司的形象或者精神之类的词汇。

vi the past illustrates business are responsible for future outcomes

反向思维词：past illustrates business responsible future outcomes

反向思维：如果某段选此标题，该段落会出现 responsible future outcomes ，推测应该会有过去的如何，然后现在或者展望将来之间的联系的句子。

vii Companies applying CSR should be selective

反向思维：这个标题的反向思维词并不明显，但是如果考生通读全文，就知道整篇文章贯穿一种CSR的公司理念，所以如果某段选此为标题，应该会有比对的出现，如社会问题和商业价值进行比较或者阐述说明等。

viii Reasons that business and society benefit each other

反向思维词: business and society benefit each other

反向思维：如果某段选此标题，该段落会讲一些有关于 business 和society之间的关系。

Paragraph A :作为开头段落，该段落前部分先介绍了关于CSR的理念。如：“Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”后部分说了CSR对企业的影响和作用，例如： to justify CSR initiatives on the grounds that they will improve a company’s image，strengthen its brand,enliven morale and even raise the value of its stock.按照之前的反向思维词，enliven morale ,可以与drives pressures motivate companies 意思相符，所以，正确答案:V

Paragraph B :根据顺序原则，B段的一句话“To advance CSR we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a corporation and society ”.提到了“ between a corporation and society”. 那么根据反向思维词，很明显可以看出viii，但是没提到reason ，所以我们还不能确定，接着往下看“Successful corporations need a healthy society.” “At the same time,a healthy society needs successful companies.”这些总结性的句子可以概括出reasons.所以，正确答案：viii

Paragraph C : 该段介绍了一个关于石棉的例子，由于开始国家检测石棉是安全的，经过漫长的时间石棉又被证实是有危害的，所以公司完全没有料到。产生这种原因，是因为公司本身没有意识“failed to anticipate”或者缺少行动力去解决。阅读段落末句“without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects to tomorrow”，如果企业没有制定一个流程来仔细确定明日将会遇到的社会问题。可以看出该段落通过一个例子折射出一个影响，所以根据反向思维，iv与之相匹配。

Paragraph D : D 段考生很容易发现一个select，这个反向思维词，可以先确定Vii ,本段第一句话 ：No business can solve all of societys problems or bear the cost of doing so.Instead,each company must select issues that intersect with its particular business.这两句话的体现的是：没有企业可以解决所有的社会问题及承担解决它的费用。所以 公司必须有所选择性解决相关的社会问题，原文中“The essential test that should guideCSR not whether a cause is worthy but whether it presents an opportunity to create shared value-that is,” 所以对公司来讲，采用CSR既要考虑社会问题，也要考虑企业本身的利益，因此 ，与反向思维中的vii相匹配，正确答案：vii。

Paragraph E :通读此段落，GE公司做的捐赠活动及活动产生的影响，末句“No matter how beneficial the program is ,it remains incidental to the company’s business,and the direct effect on GE’s recruiting and retention is modest. 可以理解为：GE 做这些活动并没有增加 financial，根据反向思维，匹配iii.

Paragraph F : 此段落讲述了一个微软工作关系与美国(AACC)合作的例子，最后一句总结“Microsoft has achieved results that have benefited many communities while having a direct-and potentially significant-impact on the company”对于公司本身的发展有着直接或者间接的影响。根据反向思维，很容易匹配，正确答案：i。

Paragraph G :作为结尾段，总结了一下CSR对于公司和社会的影响。举了一个Foods Market 的例子，末句“In short,nearly every aspect of company’s value…几乎每一个方面的公司价值链都强化了社会层面的价值主张，反向思维词 aspect也有出现，所以，正确答案：ii。

Questions 21-26

填词题属于送分题，只要找准定位词和关键词，就很容易找到答案。答案一般是原文中的原词。

21 根据顺序原则和题目中“understanding of interdependence between business and society.Education”定位到B段”Education,healthy care,and equal opportunity are essential to a productive workforce.因此，正确答案：equal opportunity。

22 根据顺序原则，定位到B段“safe products and working conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of accidents”.题目中“reduce”与文章中“ lower ”同义替换，修饰“ internal costs”.因此，正确答案：internal costs.

23-26 题 主要考察考生对文章提到对公司的理解并且进行匹配。

23 根据顺序原则及细节“disposable waste”定位G段“ Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for composting.”G段讲述的公司是“Whole Foods Market”因此，答案：C。

24 根据顺序原则及细节“purchases as goods”定位G段“The company's sourcing emphasizes purchases from local farmers through each store's procurement process.” G段讲述的公司是“Whole Foods Market”因此，答案：C。

25根据顺序原则及细节“helping undeveloped ” 定位E段“In an independent study of ten schools in the program between1989-1999.nearly all showed significant improvement。”E段讲述的公司是“General Electronics”.因此，答案：A

26 根据顺序原则及细节“ensuring latest information”定位F段，通读全文只有微软公司提供information。因此，答案：B

答案：

14. i   15.ii   16.iii    17.iv    18.vi    19.vii   20.viii

21.equal oppoprtunity      22.internal costs   23.C   24.C    25.A   26.B

第三篇是沙漠造雨设计(The Rainmaker)

A

Sometimesideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton’s case, out of therain. “I was in a bus in Morocco traveling through thedesert,” he remembers. “It hadbeen raining and the bus was full of hot, wet people. The windows steamed upand I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke, the thing wassoaking wet. I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet?”

B

Theanswer, of course, was condensation. Back home in London, a physicist friend,Philip Davies, explained that the glass, chilled by the rain outside, hadcooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point, causing dropletsof water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued, Paton-a lightingengineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. “I made my ownsolar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in thisway in the desert, simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could makeenough to irrigate fields and grow crops.”

C

Today,a decade on, his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert off AbuDhabi in the Persian Gulf-the first commercially viable Version of his seawatergreenhouse. Local scientists, working with Paton under a license from hiscompany Light Works, are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what isbasically a giant dew-making machine that produces fresh water and cool airfrom sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competitiontwo years ago, Marco Goldschmied, president of the Royal Institute of BritishArchitects, called it ‘a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the livesof millions of people living in coastal water-starved areas around the world.

D

Thedesign has three main parts (see Graphic). The greenhouse faces into theprevailing wind so that hot, dry desert air blows in through the front wall ofperforated cardboard, kept wet and cool by a constant tickle of seawater pumpedup from the nearby shoreline. The evaporating seawater cools and moistens theair. Last June, for example, when the temperature outside the Abu Dhabigreenhouse was 46°c, it was in the low 30s inside. While the air outside was dry, thehumidity in the greenhouse was 90 percent. The cool, moist air allows theplants to grow faster, and because much less water evaporates from the leavestheir demand for moisture drops dramatically. Paton‘scrops thrived on a single litre of water per square metre per day, compared to8 litres if they were growing outside.

E

Thesecond feature also cools the air for the plants. Paton has constructed adouble-layered roof with an outer layer of clear polythene and an inner, coatedlayer that reflects infrared light. Visible light can stream through tomaximise photosynthesis, while heat from the infrared radiation is trapped inthe space between the layer, away from the plants.

Atthe back of the greenhouse sits the third element, the main water-productionunit. Just before entering this unit, the humid air of the greenhouse mixeswith hot, dry air from between the two layers of the roof. This means the aircan absorb more moisture as it passes through a second moist cardboard wall.Finally, the hot saturated air hits a condenser. This is a metal surface keptcool by still more seawater-the equivalent of the window on Paton‘s Moroccan bus.Drops of pure distilled water from on the condenser and flow into a tank forirrigating the crops.

F

Thegreenhouse more or less runs itself. Sensors switch everything on when the sunrises and alter flows of air and seawater through the day in response tochanges in temperature, humidity and sunlight. On windless days, fans ensure aconstant flow of air through the greenhouse. ‘Once it is tuned to the localenvironment, you don’t need anyone there for it to work’says Paton.We can run the entire operation off one 13-amp plug, andin future we could make it entirely independent of the grid, powered from a fewsolar panels. ’

G

Thenet effect is to evaporate seawater into hot desert air, then recondense themoisture as fresh water. At the same time, cool moist air flows through thegreenhouse to provide ideal conditions for the crops. The key to the seawatergreenhouse‘s potential is its unique combination of desalination and airconditioning. By tapping the power of the sun it can cool as efficiently as a500-kilowatt air conditioner while using less than 3 kilowatts of electricity.In practice, it evaporates 3000 litres of seawater a day and turns it intoabout 800 litres of fresh water---just enough to irrigate the plants. The restis lost as water vapour.

H

Criticspoint out that construction costs of £25per square metre mean the water istwice as expensive as water from a conventional desalination plant. But thecomparison is misleading, says Paton. The natural air conditioning in thegreenhouse massively increases the value of that water. Because the plants needonly an eight of the water used by those grown conventionally, the effectivecost is only a quarter that of water from a standard desalinator. And costsshould plummet when mass production begins, he adds.

I

Bestof all, the greenhouse should be environmentally, friendly. ‘ I suppose theremight be aesthetic objections to large structures on coastal sites’says Harris,‘but it is a clean technologyand doesn’t produce pollution or even large quantitiesof hot water.’

Questions27-31

Dothe following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write

TRUEif the statement agrees with the information

FALSEif the statement contradicts the information

NOTGIVEN if there is no information on this

27.Paton came up with the idea of making water in desert by pure accident.

28.The bus Paton rode in had poor ventilation because of broken fans.

29.Paton woke up from sleep to discover that his towel was wet.

30.Paton started his greenhouse project immediately after meeting up with hisfriend.

31.Paton later opened his own business in the Persian Gulf.

Questions32-36

Completethe diagram below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage.

Questions37-40

Completethe summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage

Writeyour answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

Thegreenhouse Paton built is installed with37___to keep the air flowing if thewind stands still, and it is expected in the future to rely on electricityprovided solely by 38___. Despite the high construction costs compared todesalination plants, the plants grown in Paton‘s greenhouse need much lesswater, and if produced in large quantities the 39___could be reducedremarkably. In addition to all these advantages, it is also40___, because it isclean and pollution free.

答案：

27.YES

【原文参考依据-A段首句】Sometimes ideas just pop up(突然出现) out of the blue(出其不意). Or in CharliePaton's case, out of the rain. by accident 偶然

　　28. NO

【原文参考依据-A段第3行】‘it had beenraining and the bus was full of hot, wet people. The windows steamed up(布满水汽) and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass.

题目说ventilated是很通风的意思，可是文章第一段第三行说了：the bus wasfull of hot

　　29. YES

【原文参考依据-A段倒数2-3行】The windowssteamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke, thething was soaking wet. I had to wring it out.

　　30. NOT GIVEN

30文章没有出现有关信息呢

　　27-30题，定位A段，

　　31. NO

【原文 参考依据-C段首句】Today, a decade on, his dream hastaken shape as a giant greenhouse on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in thePersian Gulf- the first commercially viable version of his 'seawatergreenhouse'.

题中的immediately与句中的decade形成反义关系

　　32. hot dry air

【原文参考依据-D段3-4行】The front ofthe greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot dry air blows inthrough a front wall.

32题，注意图表的观察，D段第三行中的blows in through体现了图中的动态，所以32题为hot dry air。

　　33. moist

【原文参考依据-D段4-5行】The wall ismade of perforated cardboard kept moist by a constant trickle of seawaterpumped up from ocean. 题中空格前remain与文中D段第四行kept替换，所以答案moist。

　　34. heat

【原文参考依据-E段倒数第二句】This combination ensures thatvisible light can stream through to the plants, maximizing the rate of plantgrowth through photosynthesis but at the same time heat from the infraredradiation is trapped the space between the layers, and kept away from theplants.

　　35. condenser

【原文参考依据-F段4-5行】Thecondenser is a metal surface kept cool by still more seawater. \\ Drops of puredistilled water flow into a tank for irrigating the crop.

　　36. pure distilled water

【原文参考依据-F段末句】Drops of pure distilled water form onthe condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.

　　35题，没有pure 可以，但在符合字数限制，符合语法的状况下，都添会更好。

　　37. fans

【原文参考依据-G段5-6行】On windlessdays, fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse.

　　38. solar panels

【原文参考依据-G段末句】'we can run the entire operation offone13-amp plug, and in the future we could make it entirely independent of thegrid, powered from a few solar panels.'

　　39. construction costs

【原文参考依据-H段首句】Critics point out that constructioncosts of around $4 a square foot are quite high.

$4a square foot 的意思是：一平方英尺4美元

    40. environmentally-friendly
【原文参考依据-末尾】Besides it really suggests anenvironmentally-friendly way of providing air conditioning on a scale largeenough to cool large greenhouses where crops can be grown despite the highoutside temperatures.

回忆3：

小作文是地图题:是三个图 一个Caves in 1960 第二个是Plan in 1960 第三个是Plan in 1980

大作文：有人认为城市里最重要的问题是increase number of cars，其他人认为有更重要的问题，讨论两个观点并给出你的观点

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为更好地促进做好Edward艾华师最新预测,请烤鸭们积极回忆在本文下面评论栏目里面,请尽量详细,并标明城市考点,A/G类,听力,阅读,大小作文,谢谢！特请亚太其他国家,欧洲,北美,南美,非洲等其他考区的烤鸭们也积极回忆吧

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