原文:
The Shang Dynasty or Yin Dynasty, according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium Archaeological work at the Ruins of Yin (near modern-day Anyang),which has been identified as the last Shang capital, uncovered eleven major Yin royal tombs and the foundations of palaces and ritual sites, containing weapons of war and remains from both animal and human sacrifices.
The Tomb of Fu Hao is an archaeological siteat Yinxu, the ruins of the ancient Shang Dynasty capital Yin, within the modem city of Anyang in Henan Province, China. Discovered in 1976,it was identified as the final resting place of the queen and military general Fu Hao. The artifacts unearthed within the grave included jade objects, bone objects, bronze objects etc. These grave goods are confirmed by the oracle texts, which constitute almost all of the first hand written record we possess of the Shang Dynasty. Below the corpse was a small pit holding the remains of six sacrificial dogs and along the edge lay the skeletons of human slaves, evidence of human sacrifice.
The Terracotta Army was discovered on 29 March 1974 to the east of Xi, an in Shaanxi. The terracotta soldiers were accidentally discovered when a group of local farmers was digging a well during a drought around 1.6 km (I mile) cast of the Qin Emperors tomb around at MountLi (Lishan), a region riddled with underground springs and water courses. Experts currently place the entire number of soldiers at 8,000 一 with 130 chariots (130 cm long), 530 horses and 150 cavalry horses helping to ward of any dangers in the afterlife. In contrast, the burial of Tutank human yielded six complete but dismantled chariots of unparalleled richness and sophistication. Each was designed for two people (90 cm long) and had its axle sawn through to enable it to be brought along the narrow corridor into the tomb.
Excavation of ancient Chinese chariots has confirmed the descriptions of them in the earliest texts. Wheels were constructed from a variety of woods: elm provided the hub, rose-wood the spokes and oak the felloes. The hub was drilled through to form an empty space into which the tampering axle was fitted, the whole being covered with leather to retain lubricating oil. Though the number of spokes varied, a wheel by the fourth century BC usually had eighteen to thirty-two of them. Records show how elaborate was the testing of each completed wheel: flotation and weighing were regarded as the best measures of balance, but even the empty spaces in the assembly were checked with millet grains. One outstanding constructional asset of the ancient Chinese wheel was dishing. Dishing refers to the dishlike shape of an advanced wooden wheel, which looks rather like a flat cone. On occasion they chose to strengthen a dished wheel with a pair of struts running from rim to rim on each of the hub. As these extra supports were inserted separately into the felloes, they would have added even greater strength to the wheel. Leather wrapped up the edge of the wheel aimed to retain bronze.
Within a millennium, however, Chinese chariot-makers had developed a vehicle with shafts, the precursor of the true carriage or cart. This design did not make its appearance in Europe until the end of the Roman Empire. Because the shafts curved upwards, and the harness pressed against a horse’s shoulders, not his neck, the shaft chariot was incredibly efficient. The halberd was also part of a chariot standard weaponry. This halberd usually measured well over 3 metres in length, which meant that a chariot warrior wielding it sideways could strike down the charioteer in a passing chariot. The speed of chariot which was tested on the sand was quite fast. At speed these passes were very dangerous for the crews of both chariots.
The advantages offered by the new chariots were not entirely missed. They could see how there were literally the warring states, whose conflicts lasted down the Qin unification of China. Qin Shi Huang was buried in the most opulent tomb complex ever constructed in China, as prawling, city-size collection of underground caverns containing everything the emperor would need for the afterlife. Even a collection of terracotta armies called Terra- Cotta Warriors was buried in it. The ancient Chinese, along with many cultures including ancient Egyptians, believed that items and even people buried with a person could be taken with him to the afterlife.
答案解析:
1.利用顺序原则和专有名词“grave goods” 定位于原文段落B, 第四句“These grave goods are confirmed by the oracle texts,which constitute almost all of the first hand written record we possess of the Shang Dynasty.从上述内容可以很容易看出这些陪葬物品已由(oracle text)数据库所确认,该数据库包含了几乎所有我们拥有的关于商朝物品第一手资料。题目与原文信息一致,所以正确答案为 TRUE。
2. 利用顺序原则继续看B段,最后一句 “Below the corpse was a small pit holding the remains of six sacrificial dogs and along the edge lay the skeletons of human slaves,evidence of human sacrifice” 可以看出skeletons是因为祭祀,而不是因为战争,因此本题题目与原文中内容相反,选择FALSE。
3. 利用顺序原则和专有名词“Terracotta Army”定位于原文段落C,第二句“The terracotta soldiers were accidentally discovered when a group of local farmers was digging a well during a drought around 1.6km(I mile)east of the Qin Emperors tomb around at Mount Li(Lishan),a region riddled with underground springs and watercourses”,从上述内容可以看出兵马俑偶然被一群当地的农民因为天气干旱而需要挖井的时候发现,因此本题题目与原文内容一致,选择TRUE。
4.利用顺序原则专有名词“King Tutankhamen’s tomb”和“Qin Emperor’s tomb”定位于原文段落C段的最后部分 比较的其实是buried chariots(中国的130cm,埃及法老图坦卡门的只有90cm)但并不是墓穴的尺寸,原文中没有提到关于”size”的信息,因此题目信息在原文中没有相对应的内容,所以正确答案是NOT GIVEN。
5.利用顺序原则专有名词“King Tutankhamen’s tomb”和“Qin Emperor’s tomb”定位于原文段落C段的最后部分 比较的其实是buried chariots(中国的130cm,埃及法老图坦卡门的只有90cm)但并不是墓穴的尺寸,原文中没有提到关于”size”的信息,因此题目信息在原文中没有相对应的内容,所以正确答案是NOT GIVEN。
6. 利用顺序原则和材质“hub” 定位于原文段落D, 再根据题目细节信息made wood from the tree定位本段第二句“Wheels were constructed from a variety of woods:elm provided the hub,rose-wood the spokes and oak the felloes.”因此答案应该填 elm。
7. 利用顺序原则继续看D段,第三句“The hub was drilled through to form an empty space into which the tampering axle was fitted, the whole being covered with leather to retain lubricating oil.”该中部是通过钻孔形成的空间安装上一条车轴,上面覆盖一层皮革然后涂上润滑油,根据名词确定答案填lubricating oil. 利用顺序原则继续看D段 ,再根据题目细节信息spokes varied 定位本段中间,“Though the number of spokes varied,a wheel by the fourth century BC usually had eighteen to thirty- two of them.” 因此答案应该填18-32
8. 利用顺序原则继续看D段和细节信息“ wheel resembles”第七句话“Dishing refers to the dish like shape of an advanced wooden wheel,which looks rather like a flat cone.”题目中‘resembles’与原文‘like’同义替换,根据原文和题目的对比,确定答案为dish。
9. 利用顺序原则和细节信息“strengthen”定位于原文段落D,第八句话“On occasion they chose to strengthen a dished wheel with a pair of struts running from rim to rim on each of the hub. ”确定答案是struts.
10. 利用顺序原则和细节信息 “Leather wrapped up”定位D段最后一句话Leather wrapped up the edge of the wheel aimed to retain bronze对应题目确定答案是bronze.
11.利用顺序原则和细节信息“pressure”定位于原文段落E , 第三句“Because the shafts curved upwards,and the harness pressed against a horse’s shoulders,not his neck,the shaft chariot was incredibly effcient. ”题目说马身体哪一部分,免受来自肩膀的压力,根据原文“not his neck” 根据题目的信息确定需要填名词,确定答案就是neck.
12. 利用顺序原则和细节信息“speed of the chariot”定位于原文段落E, 倒数第二句“The speed of chariot which was tested on the sand was quite fast.”确定答案就是sand.
13. 利用顺序原则和专有名词“Emperor Qin Shi Huang Buried”定位于原文段落F,第三句话”Qin Shi Huang was buried in the most opulent tomb complex ever constructed in China,a sprawling,city-size collection of underground caverns containing everything the emperor would need for the afterlife.根据题目的信息确定需要填名词,确定答案就是tomb complex.
版本二:
答案: