回忆1：
阅读
Passage1：鸡的历史
题型：判断+填空
判断
1. TURE
2. NOTGIVEN
3. TURE
4. TURE
5. FLASE
6. NOT GIVEN
7. FALSE
填空
8. zoos
9. tombs
10. incubation11. humidity
12. ovens
13. predators
Passage2：公共管理的发展
Developmentof Public management theory
Bureaucracymanagement: The classic one
原文：
{A}
Severaltheories bridged the gap between strictly private and public sector management.One good example is Max Weber exploring sociologist, who explored the idealbureaucracy in The Protestant ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. BureaucraticTheory was developed by a German. Sociologist and political economist Max Weber(1864-1920). According to him, bureaucracy is the most efficient form oforganization. The organization has a well-defined line of authority. It hasclear rules and regulations which are strictly followed. according to MaxWeber, there are three types of power in an organization: 1. Traditional Power,2. Charismatic power, and 3. Bureaucratic Power or Legal Power.
TheCharacteristics or Features of Bureaucracy Organisation
{B}
Weberadmired Bureaucracy for its trustworthiness. The Bureaucracy was constituted bya group of professional, ethical public officials. These servants dedicatethemselves to the public in return for the security of job tenure among themany advantages of public employment. There is a high degree of division ofLabour and specialization as well as a defined Hierarchy of authority. Thereare well-defined rules and regulations that follow the principle ofRationality, Objectively, and Consistency. These rules cover all the duties andrights of the employees. These rules must be strictly followed. Impersonalrelations among the member of the organization. Interpersonal relations arebased on positions and not on personalities
{C}
Bureaucracyorganization is a very rigid type of organization. Too much emphasis on rulesand regulations which are rigid and inflexible. It does not give importance tohuman relations. No importance is also given to informal groups which nowadaysplay an important role in all business organizations. Yet, too much importanceis given to the technical qualifications of the employees for promotion andtransfers. The dedication and commitment of the employee are not considered. Itis suitable for government organizations. It is also suitable for organizationswhere change is very slow. There will be unnecessary delays in decision-makingdue to formalities and rules. It is appropriate for static organizations. Thereis difficulty in coordination and communication.
{D}
HerbalSimon, Chester Barnard, and Charles Lindblom are among the first of thoserecognized as early American public administrators. These men ushered in an eraduring which the field gained recognition as independent and unique, despiteits multidisciplinary nature. Simon contributed theoretical separation to discernmanagement, decisions based on values. since one cannot make completelyresponsible decisions with public resources based solely on personal values,one must attempt to upon objectively determined facts. Simon developed otherrelevant theories as well. Similar to Lindblom’s subsequently discussedcritique of comprehensive rationality, Simon also taught that a strictlyeconomic man, one who maximizes returns or values by making decisions basedupon complete information in unlimited time, is unrealistic. Instead, mostpublic administrators use a sufficient amount of information to make asatisfactory decision: they” satisfice.”
{E}
Indecision-making, Simon believed that agents face uncertainty about the futureand costs in acquiring information in the present. These factors limit theextent to which agents can make a fully rational decision, thus they possessonly” bounded rationality” and must make deci9sion by “Satisficing,” orchoosing that which might not be optional but which will make them happy enough.” Rational behavior, in economics, means that individuals maximize theirutility function. Under the constraints they face (e.g. their budgetconstraint, limited choices,…..) in pursuit of their self-interest.
{F}
ChesterBarnard was also one of the watershed scholars. Barnard published “The Economyof Incentives”(1938), in an attempt to explain individual participation in anorganization. Barnard explained organizations as systems of exchange. Low-levelemployees must have more incentive to remain with the organization for whichthey exchange their labor and loyalty. The organization (and higher-levelemployees) must derive sufficient benefit from its employees to keep them, Thenet pull of the organization is determined by material rewards, environmentalconditions, and other intangibles like recognition. He gives great importanceto persuasion much more than to economic incentives. He described four generaland four specific incentives including Money and other material inducements
ersonal non-material opportunities for distinction; DESIREABLE PHYSICalconditions of work; Ideal benefactions, such as pride of workmanship, etc. A NewHumanist Era: Rethinking Power and Management
{G}
Humanistsembrace a dynamic concept of employee and management techniques. This requiresa theoretical shift away from the idea that an employee is a cog in theindustrial machine. Rather, employees are unique individuals with goals, needsdesires, etc.
{H}
Thehumanist era ushered in other possible interpretations of such topics as powerand management. One of the most significant was Douglas McGregor’s “Theory Xand TheoryY. ” McGregor’s work provided a basis for a management framework, astructure upon whose rungs the classic and new-age management might be hung.first, commonly held by early management theorists, Theory X begins with theassumption that humans possess an inherent aversion to work. Employees musttherefore be coerced and controlled if management expects to see results.Further, lazy humans prefer direction bordering micromanagement wheneverpossible.
{I}
Theory Yis much more compatible with the humanist tradition. This begins with theassumption that work is as natural for humans as rest or play. Further,employees will direct and control themselves as they complete objectives.Humans learn naturally and seek responsibility. Consequently, managers needonly to steer employees in a cooperative manner toward goals that serve theorganization. There is room for many to create and share power.
{J}
The Z-Organization can be thought of as a complimentary third element to McGregor’sdichotomy. Z- organizations are Japanese organizations that are a Japaneseorganizational model. Similar to Theory Y management, Z organizations place alarge degree of responsibility upon the employees. Further, relatively low-levelemployees are entrusted with the freedom to be creative, ” wander around theorganization” and become truly unique, company-specific employees. However,employees achieve only after “agreeing on a central set of objectives and waysof doing business” In Z Organizations, decision-making is democratic andparticipatory. Despite the many ADVANTAGES OF THIS ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL, THEREARE SEVERAL DRAW-BACKS. THESE INCLUDE THE DEPREDATION OF A LARGE PROFESSIONALDIstance-de personalization is impossible in Z-organizations. Since, inreality, there is a high percentage of workers who would like to work for thefinancial return than the job objectives. A high level of self-discipline isalso necessary.
题型：多选+匹配
多选
14-15. A、D
16-17. B、E
18-19. A、D
20-21. C、E
匹配
22. B
23. D
24. A
25. C
26. A
Passage3：雪崩形成的原因
答案：
27.E
28.C
29.B
30.F
31.A
32.I
33.35degrees
34. windward
35.trees
36.anchor
37.snowpack
38.water
39.weak
40.breaks away
回忆2：
小作文：折线图
1991到2001年，欧洲五个国家工人缺勤时间较长人数的百分比
The graph line below shows the percentage of workers in five European countries taking fixed stays or more sickness absences per year from 1991 to 2001. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
大作文
In order to learn the way other people in the world live, it is better to look at film and video records than written documents. To what extent do you agree ordisagree?
范文:
Certainly! Here’s an enriched version of your essay:
In contemporary education debates, there is a significant divergence of opinionsregarding the focus of teenagers' studies. Some proponents advocate for abroad-based curriculum where students engage in a wide array of subjects,arguing that this approach fosters a well-rounded individual equipped withdiverse knowledge and skills. Conversely, others suggest that teenagers shouldconcentrate on their areas of strength or interest, contending that this specialization leads to higher academic achievement and personal satisfaction.
On one hand, supporters of a comprehensive educational framework argue that exposureto multiple disciplines enhances cognitive development and broadensintellectual horizons. This holistic approach ensures that students developcritical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills, which areessential for navigating an increasingly complex world. Moreover, it preparesthem for unforeseen career paths by providing a solid foundation across variousfields. For instance, a student who excels in mathematics might also benefitfrom understanding the nuances of literature, thereby gaining a deeperappreciation for human emotions and societal dynamics.
On the other hand, proponents of focused learning contend that concentrating onspecific subjects aligns better with individual talents and passions, leadingto greater expertise and enthusiasm. Specialization can result in profoundachievements within a chosen field, as students are encouraged to delve deeplyinto topics that genuinely captivate them. This tailored approach not onlyboosts motivation but also maximizes efficiency in learning. For example, astudent passionate about environmental science could dedicate more time toadvanced courses and practical projects, potentially contributing innovativesolutions to pressing ecological issues.
In my opinion, a balanced approach that integrates both breadth and depth is ideal.While foundational knowledge across disciplines is crucial, it should becomplemented by opportunities for students to explore their interests andstrengths. Educational systems should strive to provide a robust generaleducation alongside elective options that allow for specialization. This hybridmodel would equip teenagers with a versatile skill set while nurturing theirunique talents, ultimately preparing them for both academic and real-worldchallenges.
This version includes a richer vocabulary and more sophisticated sentencestructures, enhancing the overall quality of the argumentation.
回忆3：
听力
Part1 场景：一位男士咨询租赁办公空间的事宜
题型：10道填空题
1. 符合男士需要的办公室空间所在地是Colville路336号；
2. 这里从30th July开始可以用；
3. 男士可租的办公室在22nd楼层；
4. 办公室里包含一些家具，包括桌子椅子和几个cabinets；
5. 办公大楼有很大的reception空间，可以给客户留下好印象；
6. 地下有parking空间；
7. 楼里并没有男士期待的健身房，但有一家新开的café；
8. 大楼还提供24小时的security服务；
9. 月租金是675；（此处有个混淆信息是1350，但这是第一个月加上押金deposit一共要交的价格，而押金之后会退回来的）
10.租金里也包括electricity。
Part 2场景：一位男士介绍Middletown Urban Farming Scheme(简称MUFS)
题型：6道单选题 + 4道匹配题
单选题
11. 是谁创立了MUFS这个组织？
正确答案：一些商业人士(business people，演讲人也是其中之一)
12. 他们最开始创立这个组织的初衷是什么？
正确答案：更好地利用城市空间
13. 下一年，他们会重点培训什么人？
正确答案：社区工作人员
14. 来自MUFS委员会的成员将会给民众提供什么？
正确答案：practical gardening tips
15. 这个组织为disabled人士提供什么额外帮助？
正确答案：container of plants
16. 按照一些教师的反馈，这个组织的运转在当地学校的学生身上产生了哪种意料之外的帮助？
正确答案：encouraging community pride among students
匹配题
17-20. 选项一如既往地不重要，大家关注答案内容就好：
男士介绍了本地其他几个机构都能给MUFS提供什么支持性帮助
17. 本地医院
正确答案：cooking lessons
18. 当地政府
正确答案：use of a greenhouse
19. 旁边一所大学
正确答案：advice on soil
20. 超市
正确答案：eat-to-keep-fit courses
Part 3场景：男生Robbie和女生Emma讨论Cuckmere rail bridge的建造相关情况
题型：6道单选题 + 4道匹配题
单选题
21. 两人关于这个建造过程感到最吃惊的是哪一点？
正确答案：给予建筑工人们的关注和关怀
22. 有一位Sir Henry谁谁在这个建筑工程中起到了什么作用？
正确答案：他批准了这个建造工程（如果没有他的同意和支持，提议有可能中途夭折）
23. 之所以建造工程延迟了很久，原因在于什么？
正确答案：financial problems
24. 两人对整个建筑工程的哪一点感到印象最为深刻？
正确答案：accuracy of measurement
25. 1996年之所以进行了改造重装，是为了什么？
正确答案：make the river safter for ships
26.Robbie（男生）接下来要做什么？
正确答案：talk to an engineer
匹配题
两人探讨project中的每个内容模块应该怎么处理：
27.ferry crossing
正确答案：再去问问一个教授（选项里给出的是member of staff，录音里替换的是professor）
28.construction of the rail bridge
正确答案：再多读几本书了解一些内容
29.choice of location
正确答案：可以放在他们汇报内容的第一个部分里（选项里给出的是first，录音里替换的是initial）
30. 关于several construction compa
Part 4场景：关于Painting and Colours
题型：10道填空题
31. 人类最早使用的是红色的颜料，用来装饰自己的body；
32. 早期画家会用他们的mouth来调和颜料供作画；
33. 最早的绘画其实只是画画者自己的hands的轮廓线条；
34. 起初的颜料来自于矿物质和一些植物，特别是它们的root部位；
35. 有一种橙色的颜料其实是一种poison；
36. 分析画作原料可以帮助确认艺术家的身份和成画的date；
37. 研究人员会从frame下面提取一点颜料样本；
38. 然后将这些样本和天然树脂混合在一起，风干并polished之后再进行分析；
39. 研究人员还会分析画作表层的不同layers；
40. 现代美术馆里有高端设备自动控制light变化。
回忆4：
阅读
Passage1场景：关于The History of the Chicken
题型：7道判断题 + 6道填空题
判断题
1. True chicken在全球都受到喜爱，是因为它们适合各种菜式烹饪方法。
2. NotGiven 家养chicken的飞行能力比不上junglefowls。
3. True 科学家认为现代家鸡有着不止一个野外的祖先。
4. Ture 现代家鸡的皮肤颜色与grey junglefowls是一样的。（yellow skin）
5. NotGiven 罗马帝国覆灭以后，欧洲人对鸡肉的消耗量就下降了。
（这道题对于一些同学来说可能具有一定迷惑性：原文确实提到了罗马帝国的覆灭，但与chicken相关的decline是status而不是题干中说的consumption。欧洲人曾经用浸泡过wine的bread来喂鸡，一度将它们的体型养得很肥大；罗马帝国衰落以后这种方法不再使用了，于是chicken的体型又回到了它们当初被豢养的尺寸，但这既不能证明也不能证伪欧洲人的吃鸡量就减少了。）
6. NotGiven 一些人批评了现代养鸡场的饲养方式。
7. False 在美国，有更少的人在养鸡当宠物。
（其实是更多了，其中不乏一些昂贵的品种。很有意思的一个小细节是，文中把chicken与gold fish做了比较，说鸡这种宠物更亲人，hhhhhhhh～～～，亲自来啄人是么）
填空题
8. 在古埃及时代，人们可以在zoos里看到鸡；
9. 在国王与王后的tombs中可以看到以鸡为形象的装饰画；
10. 埃及人掌握了不用依靠母鸡参与的人工incubation方式；
11. 孵化鸡蛋的地方必须保持温度和humidity的恒定；
12. 孵化所的功能其实就相当于ovens；
13. 现代养鸡场里可以保护鸡们不受恶劣天气和predators的伤害。
Passage2场景：关于organisational structure的两种理论及对其的评论。
题型：4组五选二的多选题+ 5道人名观点匹配题（有NB）
多选题
14-15. 文中提到了关于“Classical management theory”的哪两点？
正确答案：
1.对企业中的等级规定更清晰（也就是上下级定位分明，bureaucracy这个词的出处即是在此）；
2.创造了一个更中性的工作环境（more neutral working environment，也就是制度分明、尽量客观中立而不涉及人事因素）。
16-17. 文中提到了关于“Criticism on Classical management theory”的哪两点？
正确答案：
1.一些规定如果过于严格地去执行，会带来负面效果；
2.一些当时所预期的良好产出在当下可能无法实现。
18-19. 文中提到了关于“Neoclassical management theory”的哪两点？
正确答案：
1.强调非领导层的工作者也能具备一定的话语权；
2.更关注作为个体的人。
20-21. 文中提到了关于“Criticism on Neoclassical management theory”的哪两点？
正确答案：
1.忽视了工作环境这个因素所产生的影响；
2.认为所有人的原初动力都是并非以赚钱为目标的（non-monetary，这～～～）
匹配的是四位理论家各自提出的观点，我只记住了选项A的Max Weber因为看过他的作品，另外三个人名没记住，这充分地说明了“理解是记忆之母”这个道理哇（BTW，记忆之父是重复）。
人名观点匹配题
22. B 这种组织机构方式（具体来说指的是Classical理论，也就是作者对此持批评态度）是建立在managers管理者们对下属的错误看法上；
23. D 最理想的组织机构方式应该是所有参与工作的人一起来进行决策；
24. A 在这样的组织结构中，每个人在特定的领域中发展专业技能；
25. C 在一个高效的组织机构里，工作者们适当参与政策制定会更好；
26. A 在这个组织结构中，员工的贡献和能力会得到简单纯粹的评估。（straightforward evaluation，也就是不用担心受到人的喜好这类因素影响，只考虑客观因素。）
Passage3场景：关于Avalanches
题型：6道段落细节信息匹配题 + 8道图形填空题
段落细节信息匹配题
27. E段 引发雪崩的人为因素
28. C段 有效分享传播信息的途径
29. B段 收集雪来进行研究的方式
30. F段 大气条件因素（atmospheric conditions）的影响
31. A段 为什么预测雪崩是很困难的
32. I段 一些实用措施来尽量减少雪崩带来的损失
图形填空题
33. 绝大多数雪崩发生的地点都是坡度达到了35 degrees以上；
34. 没有面对风向的雪坡更容易发生雪崩，因为它们还要承受一些来自windward那一侧的落雪；
35. 当没有trees的时候；
36. 就没有什么可以anchor冰雪、以此固定住它们了；
37. 新雪落在旧雪上面，就形成了所谓的snowpack；
38. 在雪中包含着百分之30-60的water；
39. 新雪会落在之前的雪层上形成新的layer；
40. 当雪崩发生的时候，是下面那层雪先breaks away再滑动剥离。
回忆5：
Task 1
The graph shows the percentage of workers in five European countries taking fivedays or more of sickness absence per year, from 1991 to 2001.
Task 2
In order to learn about the way other people in the world live, it is betterto look at film or video records than written documents.
To what exent do you agree or disagree with this idea?
回忆6：
听力
Section 3 讨论各种道路
题型：单选
关键词：road, bridge, rail
21.B
22.A
23.B
24.C
25.C
26.A
27.D
28.A
29.B
30.E
Section 4 颜色的历史
题型：填空
31.Mouth
32.Hands
33.Body
34.Roots
35.Poison
36.Date
37.Frame
38.Polished
39.Layers
40.light
回忆7：
回忆8：
回忆9:
回忆10：
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