口语部分(第一套)
Task 1
Do youagree or disagree with the following statement? The most important quality of aleader is being a gifted speaker, Use details and examples to explain youropinion.(重复2024年3月2日线下考)
Task 2
阅读:First-Year Room Change,建议first year student有换寝室的机会(room change)。
听力:反对。因为第一年大家刚认识,室友不一定是good match;但同时为了限制大家任意换寝室要收一小笔更换费用。
Task 3
ProjectPremortem(项目预评估):是一种管理工具,用于在项目开始之前,通过模拟项目失败的情景,来预测可能出现的问题,并提前制定应对措施,从而降低项目失败的风险。这种方法的核心思想是“先假设项目失败,再回溯原因”,通过这种方式,团队能够提前识别潜在风险,并在项目实施过程中采取预防措施。
Task 4
下层植物或林下植物(Understory Plants)
林下植物是指生长在森林中树木树冠下方的植物,这些植物通常生活在低光照、高湿度和相对稳定的微气候环境中。由于光照不足,林下植物需要采取特殊的生长策略来获取阳光和营养,以适应这种独特的生态环境。
例子:1.西班牙蓝铃花(Hyacinthoides hispanica)2.玉簪(Hosta)
口语部分(第二套)
Task 1
Do youagree or disagree with the following statement: it is easier to teach childrenin a primary school than it is to teach students in a university. Use detailsand examples to explain your answer. (重复2014年9月线下考)
Task 2
阅读:学校住房办公室宣布了一项政策变更:禁止新生与高年级学生共同住宿。
听力:反对。
1.减少社交机会
2.可能会导致住宿资源的浪费
Task 3
寄生育雏者(Brood Parasites) 是一种特殊的繁殖策略,通常出现在鸟类中。在这种策略中,某些鸟类(称为寄主)会将自己的卵产在其他鸟类(称为宿主)的巢中,让宿主代为孵化和抚养雏鸟。这种行为使得寄主可以节省能量和时间,用于繁殖更多的后代,而宿主则常常因为无法识别外来卵而被迫抚养这些“寄生”雏鸟。
Task 4
销售成本(Types of Selling Costs)。
1.直接销售成本(Direct Selling Costs)直接销售成本是指与销售产品或服务直接相关的成本,这些成本通常随着销售量的变化而变化
例子:采购成本、生产成本、运输和仓储成本
2.间接销售成本(Indirect Selling Costs)间接销售成本是指与销售活动相关但不直接计入产品成本的费用
例子:营销费用、销售团队费用、分销费用
口语部分(第三套)
Task 1
Whengoing on vacation, some prefer to have outdoor activities such as hiking andswimming, while others prefer to stay indoor. Which do you prefer?(重复204年7月20日线下考)
Task 2
阅读:History Books Should be Relocated 图书馆的历史书籍应该被重新安置。
听力:反对。
1.破坏现有分类系统
2.影响研究效率
Task 3
有机建筑(Organic Architecture) :是一种建筑设计理念,强调建筑与自然环境的和谐共生,注重建筑形式与自然环境、材料和功能的融合。这种设计理念认为建筑应该是自然环境的延伸,而不是孤立的存在。它强调建筑的形态、结构和材料选择应与周围环境相协调,同时满足人类的功能需求和审美追求。
Task 4
城市环境与植物生长(Urban Environment and Plant Growth)
城市环境与自然环境有很大不同,其独特的物理、化学和生物条件会对植物生长产生显著影响。文章提到的两种主要影响方式可能包括:1. 光照条件的改变 2. 土壤和空气污染。
例子:阴生植物:在光照不足的区域,如狭窄的街道或高楼阴影下,耐阴植物(如玉簪、铁线蕨)可能更容易生长,因为它们对光照的需求较低。阳生植物:在光照充足的区域,如广场或开阔的公园,喜光植物(如向日葵、玫瑰)可能会表现更好。
(第一套)
综合写作
阅读部分:载人火星任务降落在极点还是赤道,阅读认为降落在赤道会帮助火星任务克服三大挑战。
1.温度因素:火星比地球冷得多,但赤道地区的温度总体较高,不太可能损坏设备(temperature)。
2.燃料效率:在赤道附近发射火箭所需的燃料较少,因为赤道地区的引力和自转速度对发射更为有利(fuel efficiency)。
3.光照条件:赤道附近着陆将为宇航员提供每天充足的阳光,这对于太阳能发电和宇航员的日常活动非常有利(solar exposure)。
听力反驳:
1.赤道昼夜温差大,极地温度更稳定,设备可以设计来抵御低温,从而避免极端温差造成的损害;
2.虽然从赤道发射可以减少燃料但不方便携带,而在极地,温度更稳定还有丰富的水资源,便于制造燃料;
3.极地的冰层可以阻挡有害的太阳辐射,宇航员可以保护自己不受伤害,和赤道相比这也是一个特别的优势;
阅读原文:
Scientistsare planning to send the first human mission to Mars in the near future. Animportant question facing the mission is whether to land the spacecraft nearone of Mars's poles or near its equator, Like Earth, Mars has very differentclimates at its poles and equator, Scientists believe that landing near theequator rather than near a pole will help the Mars mission overcome three majorchallenges
Temperatures
Mars ismuch colder than Earth, with average temperatures below freezing. At the polesof Mars, temperatures are especially cold. In the extremely cold temperaturesat the poles, equipment runs the risk of breaking down and malfunctioning,making a mission there risky. At the equator, however, temperatures are higheroverall and less likely to damage equipment. This will reduce some of thechallenges involved in dealing with the Martian climate.
FuelingRocket Launches
Astronautswill need to launch a rocket to return to Earth from Mars. Such launchesrequire large amounts of fuel, which is heavy and therefore difficult to bringto Mars. But rocket launches will require less fuel near the equator, This isbecause Mars, like Earth is rotating. It rotates fastest near the equator, anda rocket can use Mars's rotation to gain extra energy when lifting off, Bytaking advantage of this extra energy, astronauts will not need to use as muchrocket fuel for their return launch.
Sunlight
Landingnear the equator will provide astronauts with adequate sunlight each day.During the Martian winter, the polar regions of Mars receive little sunlightfor several months.During these dark periods, solar power is unavailable forequipment, and astronauts would need artificial lights to see Mars's surface.But near the equator, the Sun rises and sets each day during the Martian year,By landing the spacecraft near the equator, astronauts will be able to usesolar-powered equipment and see the Martian environment more easily.
学术探讨(探讨社交媒体上网红的利与弊)
Yourprofessor is teaching a class on sociology. Write a post responding to theprofessor's question.
In yourresponse, you should do the following.
-Expressand support your opinion.
-Make acontribution to the discussion in your own words.
Aneffective response will contain at least 100 words.
Dr. Diaz
Thisweek, we discussed the importance of role models and opinion makers in society.One idea we discussed was the widespread impact of "influencers"Influencers are people who are very active posting on social media and who havemany followers Influencers' posts and opinions can influence their followers'choices on everything from fashion to politics. In your opinion, do socialmedia influencers generally have a positive or negative effect on theirfollowers? Why do you think so?
Kelly
I thinkthe influencers' effect is generally positive. People can learn about thelatest trends and topics in a very quick and efficient way by followinginfluencers. In the past, people had to spend time looking through magazines orvisiting boutiques to even know what was trending.
Paul
I think influencers generally have a negative effect because they have far too muchinfluence. I can think of one influencer who only has to mention a particularkind of sports shoe, and the next day they'll be sold out. The followers aren'treally thinking for themselves, they're just blindly following the influencers'choices.
写作部分(第二套)
综合写作
阅读部分:控制葛根(kudzu)扩散的不同方法及其有效性。
1.移除根冠(root crown):通过移除葛根的根冠来消灭葛根,因为根冠是葛根生长的关键部位(removal of root crown)。
2.使用山羊放牧:将山羊运送到葛根过度生长的地区,让山羊吃掉葛根,从而控制其蔓延(goat grazing)。
3.利用天然微生物(fungi):使用以葛根为食的天然微生物,如真菌,来控制葛根的传播(biological control using fungi)。
听力反驳:
1.kudzu植物的crowns(指茎和根部相交的地方)很深,这意味着如果只是简单地砍掉植物,根部可能不易完全清除。这样,kudzu可能会再生长,使得除掉这种植物变得更加困难。另外,kudzu植物生长迅速,如果不及时采取控制措施,它可能在很短的时间内重新占领土地。
2.用山羊等动物来吃掉kudzu需要它们在一个地方持续吃草相当长的时间,才有可能有效控制植物的生长。如果山羊在一个地方停留时间很短,那么kudzu可能会很快再次生长,从而无法取得理想的控制效果。
3.大规模使用真菌来控制kudzu的生长需要大量的真菌资源,而目前生产如此大量的真菌还没有高效的方法。此外,如果这些真菌会感染人类皮肤,那么使用真菌的方法可能会造成对人类的伤害。同时,大量使用真菌可能会影响除了kudzu之外的其他植物。
阅读原文:
A vine(climbing plant) from Asia called kudzu was introduced into the southeasternUnited States over a century ago as a means of decorating gardens andpreventing soil erosion. Kudzu has quickly spread across the southeasternUnited States and has become an invasive species that kills off native plantsand trees by climbing over them and blocking them from sunlight. Three methodsof controlling the spread of kudzu have been proposed.
CrownRemoval
One wayof getting rid of the invasive kudzu is by removing its root crown. The rootcrown is the part of the kudzu where its stem and roots meet. New kudzu vinesgrow from the root crown and not from the roots. Therefore, cutting just belowthe root crown and removing the crown from the soil will prevent new kudzuvines from growing and may help eradicate kudzu.
GrazingGoats
Anothercontrol technique involves transporting goats to areas overgrown with kudzu andallowing the goats to graze (feed) on the kudzu to remove it., Goats arerelatively small but eat a great deal, so a large herd of goats can be drivenin trucks to areas of kudzu infestation, where the goats can graze until thekudzu has been cleared. Importantly grazing by livestock weakens kudzu andprevents it from regrowing, so this control method has the potential to addressthe problem.
Fungi
A thirdcontrol method consists of using naturally occurring microorganisms, such asfungi, that feed on kudzu. Some scientists have recently conducted a series ofexperiments with fungi. When a kudzu plant was infected with fungi in themorning, signs of' infection were already visible by the afternoon.Specifically, the plant's leaves had become weak and lifeless, The use of fungimay thus help eliminate kudzu.
学术探讨(禁止在工作时间之外进行工作相关的沟通能否提升员工的满意度)
Yourprofessor is teaching a class on sociology. Write a post responding to theprofessor's question.
In yourresponse, you should do the following.
-Expressand support your opinion.
-Make acontribution to the discussion in your own words.
Aneffective response will contain at least 100 words.
Doctor-Achebe
Thisweek, we will explore the idea of prohibiting work-related communicationoutside of working hours. The idea behind this policy is to create a clearerseparation between personal and professional time. Some argue that such arestriction might lead to higher job satisfaction by reducing stress, whileothers believe it may cause communication breakdowns and hinder productivity.Do you think that banning work-related communication outside of working hourswould improve employee satisfaction?
Claire
I don'tthink banning work-related communication outside of working hours wouldsignifcantly improve employee satisfaction. In my opinion, factors like salaryand promotion opportunities matter much more. For example, employees may feelstressed or dissatisfied they're not getting the pay or career growth theyexpect, even if communication is restricted after hours.
Paul
I thinkbanning work-related communication outside of working hours would improveemployee satisfaction. Employees should feel like they can truly disconnectfrom work after hours. lf they're expected to respond to emails or messages atany time, it disrupts their work-life balance and leads to burnout. A clearseparation between work and personal time helps maintain mental health andproductivity in the long run.
写作部分(第三套)
综合写作
阅读部分:仙人掌wicker cactus是如何从美洲到达非洲的,提出三种解释。
1.鸟类传播种子:迁徙到非洲的鸟类可能会食用含有仙人掌种子的果实,并将种子带到非洲,从而导致仙人掌在非洲的传播(migratory birds spreading seeds)。
2.大陆板块分离:在古代,非洲和美洲大陆是连接在一起的。因此,仙人掌可能在大陆分裂之前就已经存在,随着大陆的分离而分布在两个不同的大陆上(separation of the continents)。3.水手传播:航行于美洲和非洲之间的水手可能将柳条仙人掌带到非洲(sailors spreading the cactus)。
听力反驳:
1.定期从美洲飞往非洲的鸟类并不食用果实,因此不太可能传播wicker的种子。
2.科学家认为包括wicker在内的仙人掌物种都是在大陆分离数百年后开始进化的。
3.水手传播没办法带到非洲,那些地方不会有船只靠近。
阅读原文:
Northand South America are the natural habitat of cactus plants, which grow well indesert environments. Although humans have brought several cactus species toother continents relatively recently, there is one species, the wicker cactus,that has grown in the wild outside of the Americas for a much longer time. Thewicker cactus has grown on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Americasand Africa, for so long that no one knows for certain how this normally.American plant arrived in Africa. Several theories have been proposed.
Birds
Thefirst theory is that the wicker cactus was spread like many other plants: bybirds. Its seeds could have been eaten by a migrating bird, which stored themin its digestive tract and then passed them on as waste after crossing toanother continent, In a suitable environment on the new continent, the plantscould have developed from these transported seeds and then reproduced. Thistheory is supported by the fact that many bird species are known to makeregular migrations of great distances
Predatesseparation of continents
A secondtheory is that the wicker cactus has existed for so long that it is actuallyolder than the ocean that now separates Africa and South America. Long ago,Africa and South America were part of one giant continent, In this explanation,the wicker cactus first evolved during the ancient time before the continentsseparated. As the two land masses slowly drifted apart over millions of years,early wicker cactus plants were left on each side of the ocean.
Sailors
Thethird theory is that sixteenth-century sailors carried the wicker cactus fromSouth America to Africa on their boats. Records show that when Portuguese andSpanish sailors traveled to the Americas. they frequently brought plants backand forth across the ocean, Since the wicker cactus can survive for a long timewithout soil, it could have easily lived through such a trip.
学术探讨(征收交通拥堵税的利弊)
Yourprofessor is teaching a class on sociology. Write a post responding to theprofessor's question.
In yourresponse, you should do the following.
-Expressand support your opinion.
-Make acontribution to the discussion in your own words.
Aneffective response will contain at least 100 words.
DoctorAchebe
Trafficcongestion during rush hours is a significant issue in urban city centers. Tomitigate this problem, governments have various solutions aimed at reducing thenumber of vehicles on the road. One proposed solution involves charging driversa fee or tax for driving during peak traffic hours. Do you believe this couldeffectively alleviate traffic congestion? Why or why not?
Andrew
Ibelieve imposing fees for driving during peak hours might not be the bestsolution to ease traffic congestion. It could adversely affect businesses andcreate economic disadvantages for many individuals. Such charges might burdenworkers who rely on their cars for commuting, especially those with fixedschedules or limited transportation options.
Claire
I thinkcharging drivers a fee during peak traffic hours could be a great idea to easethe traffic congestion we face every day. It might encourage more drivers toopt for biking or carpooling, which could significantly benefit the environmentand ease overall traffic. For instance, in cities where similar measures havebeen introduced, there has been a noticeable decrease in the number of vehiclesduring rush hours.
回忆11:
阅读考题回忆
第一套
1.早期地球
2008年在加拿大魁北克发现的已知最古老的地球岩石被确定为大约43亿岁。然而,太阳系已知最古老的物质--月球岩石和陨石一一大约有45.5亿岁。为什么会有这样的差异?由于构造板块的运动,地球表面不断被循环和重塑。相比之下,月球的表面是死寂的,没有这样的运动。与早期太阳系形成的陨石,如碳质球粒陨石,自冷却以来一直没有变化,因此它们提供了最古老的日期。
2.农业的兴起
大约1万年前,人类的生活方式发生了重大转变,猎人采集者开始转向农业。尽管农业带来了稳定的生活来源,但也有其缺点,例如农民的工作更加辛苦,驯化的植物和动物更容易感染疾病。这种变化的原因可能是气候变化和人口增加。在阿布·胡赖拉(Abu Hureyra)考古遗址,科学家发现了最早的农民在气候干旱后转向种植驯化作物的证据。最初,他们依赖野生植物,但随着气候变化,他们开始种植驯化的小麦、大麦等作物,逐渐形成了农业社会。种子可以大量储存,使人们能够长期定居,而不是像猎人采集者那样不断迁徙。虽然农业带来了稳定的生活方式,但也带来了土地退化、侵蚀、健康问题等负面影响。动物驯化的解释与环境条件密切相关。干旱等因素促使人们驯化动物以应对资源变化,而不是单纯为了省力。驯化可能是由于狩猎过度减少了野生动物,使人们选择圈养和驯化它们。
第二套
1.新时期时代食物的变化
2.海底峡谷的形成
大陆架可以视为大陆在水下的延续,平均延伸约65公里,但不同地区的大陆架宽度差异较大。例如,北美东海岸的大陆架比南美西海岸更宽。大陆架通常在一个叫做“架边”的地方终止,那里海底陡然变陡。大陆坡则是在架边之后,海洋深度急剧增加的地方,平均延伸约20公里。大陆坡上常常有海底峡谷,如新泽西州和纽约州沿海的哈德逊峡谷。曾经,人们认为所有海底峡谷都是古河流切割遗留下来的,这些峡谷的尺寸与陆地上的大峡谷相似。例如,哈德逊峡谷长约480公里,最深处约1200米,与美国西南部的大峡谷(445公里长,1600米深)相当。海平面在地球历史上经历了剧烈变化,约2万年前冰河时期,大陆架大部分可能暴露在大气中,那时很多海底峡谷形成了。哈德逊峡谷的上部可能是在哈德逊河流经现今大陆架和大陆坡区域时形成的。尽管许多海底峡谷源于曾经流经大陆架的河流,但许多峡谷的位置和深度与这种起源不一致。例如,新泽西州和纽约州沿海的大多数海底峡谷附近没有河流。科学家认为这些峡谷是由“浊流”形成和维持的。浊流由海底扰动(如地震)产生,悬浮的泥土增加了底层水的密度,泥土水流下坡并侵蚀底部的泥土。虽然浊流在实验室中已经被生成并由数学模型预测,但在自然界中尚未直接观察到。然而,根据现代和古代峡谷附近独特的结构(如浊积层)及其他间接证据,科学家推测其存在。例如,1929年11月18日,加拿大纽芬兰南部的地震触发了一系列跨大西洋电缆断裂,推测是因为强大的浊流流动造成的。最接近岸边的电缆几乎立即断裂,远离岸边的电缆在接下来的几小时内依次断裂。
第三套
1.太阳系的形成
2.二战后欧洲的发展快速的经济增长在第二次世界大战后极大地推动了欧洲新社会的建立。欧洲社会变得更加流动和民主。旧的阶级壁垒放松了,阶级差异变得更加模糊。中产阶级的结构变化对总体向较少僵化的阶级结构转变产生了特别大的影响。在十九世纪和二十世纪初,中产阶级的模式是拥有企业或从事法律或医学等自由职业的独立自雇的个人。财产所有权-一通常是继承的财产--和年固的家庭关系往往是财富和在中产阶级中地位的关键。1945年后,这种模式在西欧急剧下降。新一代的管理者和专家取代了传统的业主,成为中产阶级的领袖。
回忆12:
口语考题回忆
Task1(共三套)
套一:【复2024年3月2日线下】
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most importantquality of a leader is being a gifted speaker. Use details and examples toexplain your opinion.
是否同意:一个领导者最重要的品质是演讲天赋
套二:When going on vacation, some prefer to haveoutdoor activities such as hiking and swimming, while others prefer to stayindoor. Which do you prefer?
休假的时候你是喜欢去户外活动还是喜欢待在室内
套三:【重复2014年9月线下】
Do youagree or disagree with the following statement: it is easier to teach childrenin a primary school than it is to teach students in a university. Use detailsand examples to explain your answer.
是否同意:教小学生比教大学生要简单。
Task2(共三套)
套一:阅读:建议first year student有换寝室的机会(room change)
听力:反对。因为第一年大家刚认识,室友不一定是good match;但同时为了限制大家任意换寝室要收一小笔更换费用。
套二:阅读:关于学校图书馆听力:反对1.破坏现有分类系统
2.影响研究效率
套三:
阅读:学校住房办公室宣布了一项政策变更:禁止新生与高年级学生共同住宿。
听力:反对。
1.减少社交机会
2.可能会导致住宿资源的浪费
Task3(共三套)
套一:
ProjectPremortem(项目预评估):是一种管理工具,用于在项目开始之前,通过模拟项目失败的情景,来预测可能出现的问题,并提前制定应对措施,从而降低项目失败的风险。这种方法的核心思想是“先假设项目失败,再回溯原因”,通过这种方式,团队能够提前识别潜在风险,并在项目实施过程中采取预防措施
套二:
有机建筑(Organic Architecture) :是一种建筑设计理念,强调建筑与自然环境的和谐共生,注重建筑形式与自然环境、材料和功能的融合。这种设计理念认为建筑应该是自然环境的延伸,而不是孤立的存在。它强调建筑的形态、结构和材料选择应与周围环境相协调,同时满足人类的功能需求和审美追求。
套三:
寄生育雏者(Brood Parasites) 是一种特殊的繁殖策略,通常出现在鸟类中。在这种策略中,某些鸟类(称为寄主)会将自己的卵产在其他鸟类(称为宿主)的巢中,让宿主代为孵化和抚养雏鸟。这种行为使得寄主可以节省能量和时间,用于繁殖更多的后代,而宿主则常常因为无法识别外来卵而被迫抚养这些“寄生”雏鸟。
Task4(共三套)
套一:下层植物或林下植物(Understory Plants)
林下植物是指生长在森林中树木树冠下方的植物,这些植物通常生活在低光照、高湿度和相对稳定的微气候环境中。由于光照不足,林下植物需要采取特殊的生长策略来获取阳光和营养,以适应这种独特的生态环境。
例子:1、西班牙蓝铃花(Hyacinthoides hispanica)2、玉簪(Hosta)
套二:城市环境与植物生长(Urban Environment and Plant Growth)城市环境与自然环境有很大不同,其独特的物理、化学和生物条件会对植物生长产生显著影响。文章提到的两种主要影响方式可能包括:1. 光照条件的改变 2. 土壤和空气污染。
例子:阴生植物:在光照不足的区域,如狭窄的街道或高楼阴影下,耐阴植物(如玉簪、铁线蕨)可能更容易生长,因为它们对光照的需求较低。阳生植物:在光照充足的区域,如广场或开阔的公园,喜光植物(如向日葵、玫瑰)可能会表现更好。
套三:销售成本(Types of Selling Costs)。
1. 直接销售成本(Direct Selling Costs)直接销售成本是指与销售产品或服务直接相关的成本,这些成本通常随着销售量的变化而变化例子:采购成本、生产成本、运输和仓储成本
2. 间接销售成本(Indirect Selling Costs)间接销售成本是指与销售活动相关但不直接计入产品成本的费用例子:营销费用、销售团队费用、分销费用
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综合写作(共三套)
套一:载人火星任务降落在极点还是赤道
阅读:
1.温度因素:火星比地球冷得多,但赤道地区的温度总体较高,不太可能损坏设备(temperature)。
2.燃料效率:在赤道附近发射火箭所需的燃料较少,因为赤道地区的引力和自转速度对发射更为有利(fuel efficiency)。
3.光照条件:赤道附近着陆将为宇航员提供每天充足的阳光,这对于太阳能发电和宇航员的日常活动非常有利(solar exposure)。
听力: 反驳
1.温度极端变化:火星的低温是一个挑战,但主要问题是温度的极端变化。赤道地区白天温度上升,夜间温度下降,这种昼夜温差可能导致设备膨胀和收缩,从而损坏即使是特别设计的设备。而极点的温度相对稳定,设备可以被设计成能够承受这种低温(temperature extremes)。
2.燃料制造问题:虽然从赤道发射可以节省燃料,但火星上的宇航员需要自己制造返回地球所需的燃料。赤道地区几乎找不到水,而水是制造火箭燃料的关键。相比之下,极点有大量冰,可以用来制造燃料(fuel production)。
3.辐射防护和光照时间:极点虽然有时会一片黑暗,但每年有六个月的时间阳光是持续不断的,这为完成任务提供了充足的时间。此外,极点的冰层可以有效阻挡有害的太阳辐射,宇航员可以建造用厚冰墙制成的避难所,从而在任务期间保护自己(radiation protection and sunlightduration)。
套二:控制葛根(kudzu)扩散的不同方法及其有效性
阅读:
1.移除根冠(root crown):通过移除葛根的根冠来消灭葛根,因为根冠是葛根生长的关键部位(removal of root crown)。
2.使用山羊放牧:将山羊运送到葛根过度生长的地区,让山羊吃掉葛根,从而控制其蔓延(goat grazing)。
3.利用天然微生物(fungi):使用以葛根为食的天然微生物,如真菌,来控制葛根的传播(biological control using fungi)。
听力反对:
1.根冠移除的局限性:虽然葛根的根冠仅在地表下两三厘米处开始,但它也深入土壤。如果移除过程中土壤中仍有根冠的任何部分残留,葛根会很快从这部分残余物重新生长。考虑到葛根的尺寸和其根冠深入土壤的程度,完全移除根冠的可能性很低,因此这种方法并不有效(difficulty in completely removingroot crown)。
2.山羊放牧的不可行性:只有当山羊在同一地区连续放牧很长时间时,才能完全去除葛根并防止其重新生长。然而,像阅读材料中建议的那样用卡车将山羊运来运去并不可行。如果山羊在每个地区只停留很短的时间,它们可能会去除一些葛根,但一旦被移到另一个地区,葛根就会重新生长。因此,这种方法在实际操作中难以实现(impracticality of short-term goatgrazing)。
3.微生物控制的挑战:虽然使用真菌控制葛根传播是一个有潜力的方法,但目前科学家没有资源在实验室中大规模生产真菌。此外,真菌可能会引起皮肤刺激,如果有人触摸了被真菌感染的葛根。因此,这种方法可能在很长一段时间内仍将停留在实验阶段,难以大规模应用(challenges in fungal productionand potential skin irritation)。
套三:柳条仙人掌(wicker cactus)如何从美洲到达非洲
阅读:
1.鸟类传播种子:迁徙到非洲的鸟类可能会食用含有仙人掌种子的果实,并将种子带到非洲,从而导致仙人掌在非洲的传播(migratory birds spreading seeds)。
2.大陆板块分离:在古代,非洲和美洲大陆是连接在一起的。因此,仙人掌可能在大陆分裂之前就已经存在,随着大陆的分离而分布在两个不同的大陆上(separation of the continents)。
3.水手传播:航行于美洲和非洲之间的水手可能将柳条仙人掌带到非洲(sailors spreading the cactus)。
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