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雅思成绩出炉!雅思成功之路-最新实用雅思4个8，雅思4个7高分成功经验分享http://bbs.ieltstofelglobal.com/forum-45-1.html2024年6月1日中国大陆雅思A类G类纸质真题回忆+答案汇总（听说读写答案+机经整理汇总） 回忆1： 阅读 Passage1：Food Pedal Irrigation 原文： A Untilnow, governments and development agencies have tried to tackle the problemthrough large-scale projects: gigantic dams, sprawling, irrigation canals andvast new fields of high-yield crops introduced during the Green Revolution, thefamous campaign to increase grain harvests in developing nations. Traditionalirrigation, however, has degraded the soil in many areas, and the reservoirsbehind dams can quickly fill up with silt, reducing their storage capacity anddepriving downstream farmers of fertile sediments. Furthermore, although theGreen Revolution has greatly expanded worldwide farm production since 1950,poverty stubbornly persists in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Continuedimprovements in the productivity of large farms may play the main role inboosting food supply, but local efforts to provide cheap, individual irrigationsystems to small farms may offer a better way to lift people out of poverty. B TheGreen Revolution was designed to increase the overall food supply, not to raisethe incomes of the rural poor, so it should be no surprise that it did noteradicate poverty or hunger. India, for example, has been self-sufficient infood for 15 years, and its granaries are full, but more than 200 millionIndians – one fifth of the country’s population – are malnourished because theycannot afford the food they need and because the country’s safety nets aredeficient. In 2000, 189 nations committed to the Millennium Development Goals,which called for cutting world poverty in half by 2015. With business as usual,however, we have little hope of achieving most of the Millennium goals, nomatter how much money rich countries contribute to poor ones. C Thesupply-driven strategies of the Green Revolution, however, may not helpsubsistence farmers, who must play to their strengths to compete in the globalmarketplace. The average size of a family farm is less than four acres inIndia, 1.8 acres in Bangladesh and about half an acre in China. Combines andother modern farming tools are too expensive to be used on such small areas. AnIndian farmer selling surplus wheat grown on his one-acre plot could notpossibly compete with the highly efficient and subsidized Canadian wheat farmsthat typically stretch over thousands of acres. Instead subsistence farmersshould exploit the fact that their labor costs are the lowest in the world,giving them a comparative advantage in growing and selling high-value,intensely farmed crops. D PaulPolak saw firsthand the need for a small-scale strategy in 1981 when he metAbdul Rahman, a farmer in the Noakhali district of Bangladesh. From his threequarter-acre plots of rain-fed rice fields, Abdul could grow only 700 kilogramsof rice each year – 300 kilograms less than what he needed to feed his family.During the three months before the October rice harvest came in, Abdul and hiswife had to watch silently while their three children survived on one meal aday or less. As Polak walked with him through the scattered fields he hadinherited from his father, Polak asked what he needed to move out of poverty.“Control of water for my crops,” he said, “at a price I can afford.” E SoonPolak learned about a simple device that could help Abdul achieve his goal: thetreadle pump. Developed in the late 1970s by Norwegian engineer Gunnar Barnes,the pump is operated by a person walking in place on a pair of treadles and twohandle arms made of bamboo. Properly adjusted and maintained, it can beoperated several hours a day without tiring the users. Each treadle pump hastwo cylinders which are made of engineering plastic. The diameter of a cylinderis 100.5mm and the height is 280mm. The pump is capable of working up to amaximum depth of 7 meters. Operation beyond 7 meters is not recommended topreserve the integrity of the rubber components. The pump mechanism has pistonand foot valve assemblies. The treadle action creates alternate strokes in thetwo pistons that lift the water in pulses. F Thehuman-powered pump can irrigate half an acre of vegetables and costs only $25(including the expense of drilling a tube well down to the groundwater). Abdulheard about the treadle pump from a cousin and was one of the first farmers inBangladesh to buy one. He borrowed the $25 from an uncle and easily repaid theloan four months later. During the five-month dry season, when Bangladeshistypically farm very little, Abdul used the treadle pump to grow a quarter-acreof chili peppers, tomatoes, cabbage and eggplants. He also improved the yieldof one of his rice plots by irrigating it. His family ate some of thevegetables and sold the rest at the village market, earning a net profit of$100. With his new income, Abdul was able to buy rice for his family to eat,keep his two sons in school until they were 16 and set aside a little money forhis daughter’s dowry. When Polak visited him again in 1984, he had doubled thesize of his vegetable plot and replaced the thatched roof on his house withcorrugated tin. His family was raising a calf and some chickens. He told methat the treadle pump was a gift from God. G Bangladeshis particularly well suited for the treadle pump because a huge reservoir ofgroundwater lies just a few meters below the farmers’ feet. In the early 1980sIDE initiated a campaign to market the pump, encouraging 75 smallprivate-sector companies to manufacture the devices and several thousandvillage dealers and tube-well drillers to sell and install them. Over the next12 years one and a half million farm families purchased treadle pumps, whichincreased the farmers’ net income by a total of $150 million a year. The costof IDE’s market-creation activities was only $12 million, leveraged by theinvestment of $37.5 million from the farmers themselves. In contrast, theexpense of building a conventional dam and canal system to irrigate anequivalent area of farmland would be in the range of $2,000 per acre, or $1.5billion.
1-6 判断 1.FALSE 2.NOTGIVEN 3.FALSE 4.NOTGIVEN 5.TRUE 6.TRUE 7-10 填空 7.bamboo 8.cylinders 9.Piston 10.7 11-13 简答 11.halfan acre 12.corrugatedin 13.37.5million dollars
Passage2：英国海岸线考古（冰河时代）CoastalArchaeology of Britain 原文： A Therecognition of the wealth and diversity of England’s coastal archaeology hasbeen one of the most important developments of recent years. Some elements ofthis enormous resource have long been known. The so-called ‘submerged forests’off the coasts of England, sometimes with clear evidence of human activity, hadattracted the interest of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century butserious and systematic attention has been given to the archaeological potentialof the coast only since the early 1980s. B It ispossible to trace a variety of causes for this concentration of effort andinterest. In the 1980s and 1990s scientific research into climate change andits environmental impact spilled over into a much broader public debate asawareness of these issues grew; the prospect of rising sea levels over the nextcentury, and their impact on current coastal environments, has been a particularfocus for concern. At the same time，archaeologists were beginning torecognize that the destruction caused by natural processes of coastal erosionand by human activity was having an increasing impact on the archaeologicalresource of the coast. C Thedominant process affecting the physical form of England in the post- glacialperiod has been the rise in the altitude of sea level relative to the land, asthe glaciers melted and the landmass readjusted. The encroachment of the sea,the loss of huge areas of land now under the North Sea and the English Channel,and especially the loss of the land bridge between England and France, whichfinally made Britain an island, must have been immensely significant factors inthe lives of our prehistoric ancestors. Yet the way in which prehistoriccommunities adjusted to these environmental changes has seldom been a majortheme in discussions of the period. One factor contributing to this has beenthat, although the rise in relative sea level is comparatively well documented,we know little about the constant reconfiguration of the coastline. This wasaffected by many processes, mostly quite, which have not yet been adequatelyresearched. The detailed reconstruction of coastline histories and the changingenvironments available for human use will be an important theme for futureresearch. D So greathas been the rise in sea level and the consequent regression of the coast thateach of the archaeological evidence now exposed in the coastal zone, whetherbeing eroded or exposed as a buried land surface, is derived from what wasoriginally terres-trial occupation. Its current location in the coastal zone isthe product of later unrelated processes, and it can tell us little about pastadaptations to the sea. Estimates of its significance will need to be made inthe context of other related evidence from dry land sites. Nevertheless, itsphysical environment means that preservation is often excellent, for example inthe case of the Neolithic structure excavated at the Stumble in Essex. E In somecases these buried land surfaces do contain evidence for human exploitation ofwhat was a coastal environment, and elsewhere along the modem coast there issimilar evidence. Where the evidence does relate to past human exploitation ofthe resources and the opportunities offered by the sea and the coast, it isboth diverse and as yet little understood. We are not yet in a position to makeeven preliminary estimates of answers to such fundamental questions as theextent to which the sea and the coast affected human life in the past, whatpercentage of the population at any time lived within reach of the sea, orwhether human settlements in coastal environments showed a distinct characterfrom those inland. F The moststriking evidence for use of the sea is in the form of boats, yet we still havemuch to learn about their production and use. Most of the known wrecks aroundour coast are not unexpectedly of post-medieval date, and offer an unparalleledopportunity for research which has as yet been little used. The prehistoricsewn-plank boats such as those from the Humber estuary and Dover all seem tobelong to the second millennium BC; after this thereis a gap in the record of a millennium, which cannot yet be explained, beforeboats reappear, but built using a very different technology. Boatbuilding musthave been an extremely important activity around much of our coast, yet we knowalmost nothing about it, Boats were some of the most complex artefacts producedby pre-modem societies, and further research on their production and use makean important contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to technologyand technological change. G Boatsneeded landing places, yet here again our knowledge is very patchy In manycases the natural shores and beaches would have sufficed, leaving little or noarchaeological trace, but especially in later periods, many ports and harbors,as well as smaller facilities such as quays, wharves, and jetties, were built.Despite a growth of interest in the waterfront archaeology of some of our moreimportant Roman and medieval towns, very little attention has been paid to themultitude of smaller landing places. Redevelopment of harbor sites and otherdevelopment and natural pressures along the coast are subjecting theseimportant locations to unprecedented threats, yet few surveys of such siteshave been undertaken. H One ofthe most important revelations of recent research has been the extent ofindustrial activity along the coast. Fishing and salt production are among thebetter documented activities, but even here our knowledge is patchy Many formsof fishing will leave little archaeological trace, and one of the surprises ofrecent survey has been the extent of past investment in facilities forprocuring fish and shellfish. Elaborate wooden fish weirs, often ofconsiderable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow water, havebeen identified in areas such as Essex and the Severn estuary. The productionof salt, especially in the late Iron Age and early Roman periods, has beenrecognized for some time, especially in the Thames estuary and around theSolent and Poole Harbor, but the reasons for the decline of that industry andthe nature of later coastal salt working are much less well understood. Otherindustries were also located along the coast, either because the raw materialsoutcropped there or for ease of working and transport: mineral resources suchas sand, gravel, stone, coal, ironstone, and alum were all exploited. Theseindustries are poorly documented, but their remains are sometimes extensive andstriking. I Someappreciation of the variety and importance of the archaeological remainspreserved in the coastal zone, albeit only in preliminary form, can thus begained from recent work, but the complexity of the problem of managing thatresource is also being realised. The problem arises not only from the scale andvariety of the archaeological remains, but also from two other sources: thevery varied natural and human threats to the resource, and the complex web oforganisations with authority over, or interests in, the coastal zone. Humanthreats include the redevelopment of historic towns and old dockland areas, andthe increased importance of the coast for the leisure and tourism industries,resulting in pressure for the increased provision of facilities such asmarinas. The larger size of ferries has also caused an increase in the damagecaused by their wash to fragile deposits in the intertidal zone. The mostsignificant natural threat is the predicted rise in sea level over the nextcentury especially in the south and east of England. Its impact on archaeology isnot easy to predict, and though it is likely to be highly localized, it will beat a scale much larger than that of most archaeological sites. Thus protectingone site may simply result in transposing the threat to a point further alongthe coast. The management of the archaeological remains will have to beconsidered in a much longer time scale and a much wider geographical scale thanis common in the case of dry land sites, and this will pose a serious challengefor archaeologists.
题目详解 Questions 14-16
14. 利用细节信息“public interest in coastalarchaeology”和顺序原则定位于原文第一段第四行“… had attracted theinterest of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century, but serious andsystematic attention has been given…”。但是这种现象的原因并不位于第一段，而在第二段“It is possible to trace avariety of causes for this concentration of effort and interest”后面的信息。后面主要讲到人们开始关注“coastal archaeology” 是因为“climate change and itsenvironmental impact”， 因为“sea levels” 上涨影响了“coastal environments”，于是更多的人意识到“coastal erosion”和“human activity”对“archaeological resource of the coast”有破坏作用，这些信息都与选项B“the rising awareness ofclimate change”相关，所以答案为B。
15. 利用细节信息“boats”定位于原文第六段，这里提及了大量“boats”方面的考古发现。选项A“There’s enough knowledgeof the boatbuilding technology of the pre-historic people”应该排除，因为其与原文内容“we still have much tolearn about their production and use”正好相反。选项B“Many of the boats discovered were found in harbours”也可以排除，因为“harbours”在第七段才出现，而且也没有提及是否在“harbours” 发现了大量的船。选项D“Boats were first used forfishing”也应该排除，因为“fishing” 在第八段才提到，讲的是沿海人类的经济活动，并没提及船最初都是用作打渔的。所以答案为C。“The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousandyears”对应原文第六段第五行“after this there is a gapin the record of a millennium…”。
16. 利用细节信息“from the air”定位于原文第八段第四句“Elaborate wooden fishweirs, often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography inshallow water…”，原文中的“aerial photography”对应题目信息“discovered from the air”。原文信息“Elaborate wooden fishweirs”与选项D“fisheries”直接对应，所以答案为D。
Questions 17-23
17. 利用细节信息“after the Ice Age”和“rising sea level”定位于原文第三段前两句话“… in the post-glacialperiod… the rise in the altitude of sea level… The encroachment of the sea, theloss of huge areas of land now under the North Sea and the English Channel…”，题目信息“after the Ice Age”对应原文中的“post-glacial period”，题目内容是原文的简单归纳，所以答案为True。
18. 利用细节信息“the coastline of England”和顺序原则定位于原文第三段倒数第四行“the constant reconfigurationof the coastline”，题目信息“changed periodically”与原文中的“constant reconfiguration”不相符，所以答案为False。
19. 利用细节信息“well-protected by seawater”定位于原文第四段倒数第三行“its physical environmentmeans that preservation is often excellent”，题目信息“well-protected by sea water”对应原文中的“preservation is oftenexcellent”。题目信息与原文是同义表达，所以答案为True。
20. 利用细节信息“the design of boats”和“pre-modern people”定位于原文第六段倒数第三行“Boats were some of themost complex artefacts produced by pre-modern societies”，题目信息“very simple”与原文中的“the most complex artefacts”正好相反，所以答案为False。
21. 原文没有找到“other European countries”和在其他欧洲国家发现类似船只的信息，所以答案为Not Given。
22. 利用细节信息“mineral exploitation” 定位于原文第八段倒数第三行“mineral resources such assand, gravel, stone, coal, ironstone, and alum were all exploited. Theseindustries are poorly documented…”，题目信息“few documents”对应原文中的“poorly documented”，所以答案为True。
23. 利用细节信息“large passenger boats”和顺序原则定位于原文最后一段倒数第八行“The larger size of ferrieshas also caused an increase in the damage caused by their wash to fragiledeposits in the intertidal zone”，题目信息“passenger boats”对应原文中的“ferries”，题目信息“intertidal zone”对应原文中的“seashore”。题目与原文是同义表达，所以答案为True。
Questions 24-26
选项A“How coastal archaeologywas originally discovered”应该排除，因为原文并没有提到这方面的内容。
选项B“It is difficult tounderstand how many people lived close to the sea”是正确选项。该选项对应原文第五段第四行“We are not yet in aposition to make even preliminary estimates of answers to such fundamentalquestions as the extent to which the sea and the coast affected human life inthe past, what percentage of the population at any time lived within reach ofthe sea…”。题目信息“It is difficult tounderstand” 对应原文中的“not yet in a position tomake even preliminary estimates”， 题目信息“how many people” 对应原文中的“what percentage of thepopulation”，题目“lived close to the sea”对应原文中的“within reach of the sea”。
选项C“How much the prehistoriccommunities understand the climate change”应该排除，虽然原文开头提及“climate change”并多处提到“prehistoric communities”，但是却没有提及他们对气候变化的认识。
选项D“Our knowledge of boatevidence is limited”是正确选项。该选项对应原文第六段第一句“… yet we still have muchto learn about their production and use”，以及该段倒数第三行“…yet we know almostnothing about it”。
选项E“Some fishing grounds wereconverted to ports”是错误选项，因为原文第七段提及“ports”，第八段提及“fishing”，但是却并没有“fishing grounds”转变成“ports”的信息。
选项F“Human developmentthreatens the archaeological remains”是正确选项。该选项对应原文最后一段，该段整体都在讲人类活动和自然对“archaeological remains”的影响。
选项G“Coastal archaeology willbecome more important in the future”是错误选项，因为原文并没有提到这方面的内容。
所以24‐26 题的正确答案为B、D、F。
Passage 3：Biology of Bitterness
原文： To manypeople, grapefruit is palatable only when doused in sugar. Bitter Blockers likeadenosine monophosphate could change that. A. There isa reason why grapefruit juice is served in little glasses: most people don’twant to drink more than a few ounces at a time. aringin, a natural chemicalcompound found in grapefruit, tastes bitter. Some people like that bitternessin small doses and believe it enhances the general flavor, but others wouldrather avoid it altogether. So juice packagers often select grapefruit with lownaringin though the compound has antioxidant properties that some nutritionistscontend may help prevent cancer and arteriosclerosis. B. It ispossible, however, to get the goodness of grapefruit juice without the bittertaste. I found that out by participating in a test conducted at the LinguagenCorporation, a biotechnology company in Cranbury, New Jersey. Sets of twominiature white paper cups, labeled 304and 305, were placed before five peopleseated around a conference table. Each of us drank from one cup and then theother, cleansing our palates between tastes with water and a soda cracker. Eventhe smallest sip of 304 had grapefruit ‘s unmistakable bitter bite. But 305 wassmoother; there was the sour taste of citrus but none of the bitterness ofnaringin. This juice had been treated with adenosine monophosphate, or AMP, acompound that blocks the bitterness in foods without making them lessnutritious. C. Tasteresearch is a booming business these days, with scientists delving into allfive basics-sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami, the savory taste of protein.Bitterness is of special interest to industry because of its untapped potentialin food. There are thousands of bitter -tasting compounds in nature. Theydefend plants by warning animals away and protect animals by letting them knowwhen a plant may be poisonous. But the system isn’t foolproof. Grapefruit andcruciferous vegetable like Brussels sprouts and kale are nutritious despite-andsometimes because of-their bitter-tasting components. Over time, many peoplehave learned to love them, at least in small doses. “Humans are the onlyspecies that enjoys bitter taste,” says Charles Zuker, a neuroscientist at theUniversity of California School of Medicine at San Diego. “Every other speciesis averse to bitter because it means bad news. But we have learned to enjoy it.We drink coffee, which is bitter, and quinine [in tonic water] too. We enjoyhaving that spice in our lives.” Because bitterness can be pleasing in smallquantities but repellent when intense, bitter blockers like AMP could make awhole range of foods, drinks, and medicines more palatable-and therefore moreprofitable. D. Peoplehave varying capacities for tasting bitterness, and the differences appear tobe genetic. About 75 percent of people are sensitive to the taste of the bittercompounds phenylthiocarbamide and 6-n-propylthiouracil. and 25 percent areinsensitive. Those who are sensitive to phenylthiocarbamide seem to be lesslikely than others to eat cruciferous vegetables, according to Stephen Wooding,a geneticist at the University of Utah. Some people, known as supertasters, areespecially sensitive to 6-n-propylthiouraci because they have an unusually highnumber of taste buds. Supertasters tend to shun all kinds of bitter-tastingthings, including vegetable, coffee, and dark chocolate. Perhaps as a result,they tend to be thin. They’re also less fond of alcoholic drinks, which areoften slightly bitter. Dewar’s scotch, for instance, tastes somewhat sweet tomost people. ” But a supertaster tastes no sweetness at all, only bitterness,”says Valerie Duffy, an associate professor of dietetics at the University ofConnecticut at Storrs. E. In onerecent study, Duffy found that supertasters consume alcoholic beverages, onaverage, only two to three times a week, compared with five or six times forthe average nontasters. Each taste bud, which looks like an onion, consists of50 to 100 elongated cells running from the top of the bud to the bottom. At thetop is a little clump of receptors that capture the taste molecules, known astastants, in food and drink. The receptors function much like those for sightand smell. Once a bitter signal has been received, it is relayed via proteinsknown as G proteins. The G protein involved in the perception of bitterness,sweetness, and umami was identified in the early 1990s by Linguagen’s founder,Robert Margolskee, at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. Known asgustducin, the protein triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that lead tochanges in ion concentrations within the cell. Ultimately, this delivers asignal to the brain that registersas bitter. “The signaling system is like a bucket brigade,” Margolskee says.“It goes from the G protein to other proteins.” F. In 2000Zuker and others found some 30 different kinds of genes that code forbitter-taste receptors. “We knew the number would have to be large becausethere is such a large universe of bitter tastants,” Zuker says. Yet no matterwhich tastant enters the mouth or which receptor it attaches to, bitter alwaystastes the same to us. The only variation derives from its intensity and theways in which it can be flavored by the sense of smell. “Taste cells are like alight switch,” Zuker says. “They are either on or off.” G. Oncethey figured put the taste mechanism, scientists began to think of ways tointerfere with it. They tried AMP, an organic compound found in breast milk andother substances, which is created as cells break down food. Amp has nobitterness of its own, but when put it in foods, Margolskee and his colleaguesdiscovered, it attaches to bitter-taste receptors. As effective as it is, AMPmay not be able to dampen every type pf bitter taste, because it probablydoesn’t attach to all 30 bitter-taste receptors. So Linguagen has scaled up thehunt for other bitter blockers with a technology called high-throughput screening.Researchers start by coaxing cells in culture to activate bitter-tastereceptors. Then candidate substances, culled from chemical compound libraries,are dropped onto the receptors, and scientists look for evidence of a reaction. H. Tintime, some taste researchers believe, compounds like AMP will help makeprocessed foods less unhealthy. Consider, for example, that a single cup ofCampbell’s chicken noodle soup contains 850 milligrams of sodium chloride, ortable salt-more than a third of the recommended daily allowance. The salt masksthe bitterness created by the high temperatures used in the canning process,which cause sugars and amino acids to react. Part of the salt could be replacedby another salt, potassium chloride, which tends to be scarce in some people’sdiets. Potassium chloride has a bitter aftertaste, but that could be eliminatedwith a dose of AMP. Bitter blockers could also be used in place of cherry orgrape flavoring to take the harshness out of children’s cough syrup, and they coulddampen the bitterness of antihistamines, antibiotics, certain HIV drugs, andother medications. I. A numberof foodmakers have already begun to experiment with AMP in their products, andother bitter blockers are being developed by rival firms such as Senomyx in LaJolla, California. In a few years, perhaps, after food companies have taken thebitterness from canned soup and TV dinners, they can set their sights onsomething more useful: a bitter blocker in a bottle that any of us can sprinkleon our brussels sprouts or stir into our grapefruit juice. SECTION1: QUESTIONS 1-14 Questions1-8 Thereading Passage has seven paragraphs A-I. Whichparagraph contains the following information? Writethe correct letter A-I, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. 1 ABCDEFGHIExperiment on bitterness conducted 2 ABCDEFGHILook into the future application 3 ABCDEFGHIBitterness means different information for human and animals 4 ABCDEFGHISpread process of bitterness inside of body 5 ABCDEFGHIHow AMP blocks bitterness 6 ABCDEFGHISome bitterness blocker may help lower unhealthy impact 7 ABCDEFGHIBitterness introduced from a fruit 8 ABCDEFGHIGenetic feature determines sensitivity Question9-12 Summary Completethe following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORETHAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Writeyour answers in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet. Thereason why grapefruit tastes bitter is because a substance called 9 containedin it. However, bitterness plays a significant role for plants. It gives asignal that certain plant is 10 . For human beings, different personcarries various genetic abilities of tasting bitterness. According to ascientist at the University of Utah, 11 have exceptionally plentyof 12 , which allows them to perceive bitter compounds. Questions13-14 Choosethe correct letter, A, B, C or D. Writeyour answers in boxes 13-14 on your answer sheet. 13.Whatis the main feature of AMP according to this passage? A.offsetbitter flavour in food B.onlyexist in 304 cup C.tasteslike citrus D.chemicalreaction when meets biscuit 14.Whatis the main function of G protein? A.collectingtaste molecule B.identifyingdifferent flavors elements C.resolvinglarge molecules D.transmittingbitter signals to the brain
27-34 段落信息匹配 27.B 28.I 29.C 30.E 31.G 32.H 33.A 34.D 35-38 填空 35.Naringin 36.poisonous 37.supertasters 38.tastebuds 39-40 简答 39.A 40.D 回忆2： 小作文：饼图 澳大利亚四个地区的班级规模。
大作文： Healthservices are a basic necessity for a person. Private companies have made healthservices quite costly for ordinary individuals. Do the advantages of privatehealth care outweigh its disadvantages?
建议思路：我认为是弊大于利的 优点： 1. 私人医疗保健（private healthcare）通常提供高质量的医疗服务（high-caliber medical services）。包括最新的医疗技术（cutting-edge medical technology）和设备，以及高水平的医疗专业人员（highly qualified medicalprofessionals）。能让病人享有更好的医疗条件（superior medical conditions）。 2. 私人医疗保健通常能提供更快的服务（expedited service）。例如，病人可能不需要等待很长时间就能看到医生（consult a physician）或进行手术（undergo surgery）。这对于治疗某些急性病（acute ailments）无疑提供了更多的治愈机会（enhanced recovery prospects）。 3. 私人医疗保健通常提供更多的选择（a broader array of choices），例如，病人可以选择他们想要看的医生（select their preferredpractitioners）或医院。这样就能更有针对性地选到更好的医疗资源（optimal medical resources），不需要通过排队浪费时间（avoid wasting time in queues），也可以更深入地交流病情（engage in thorough discussionsabout their condition）。
缺点： 1. 私人医疗保健的费用通常非常高（exorbitant costs），这可能使得许多普通人无法负担（financially inaccessible for manyordinary individuals）。 2. 私人医疗保健可能导致医疗服务的不公平（disparities in healthcare services），因为只有那些能够支付私人医疗保健费用的人（those who can bear the costs ofprivate healthcare）才能获得最好的医疗服务（access top-tier medical services）。 3. 可能导致公共医疗服务的质量下降（deterioration in public healthcare quality）。如果许多富人选择私人医疗保健（opt for private healthcare），那么政府会由于缺乏收入（lack of funding）而减少对公共医疗服务的投资（diminished investment in publichealthcare services），这可能会导致公共医疗服务的质量下降（a decline in the quality ofpublic healthcare services）。
总之，我认为对于急需手术治病的人（those in urgent need of surgery）而言，私人医疗的确提供了更快更好的医疗服务（expedited and superior medical services）。但是由于其高昂的费用（prohibitive costs）和可能导致不公平的资源倾斜（inequitable distribution ofresources），从社会层面来说是弊大于利的（the disadvantages outweigh theadvantages）。政府应该找到一个平衡的方法（strike a balance），提升公共医疗的便捷性（enhance the accessibility of public healthcare）和提高服务质量（improve service quality），使非紧急情况下不论什么经济背景的人（individuals from all economicbackgrounds）都倾向选择公共医疗（gravitate towards public healthcare）。 回忆3： 听力 Part1 场景：一个男生申请水上安全员工作岗位 题型：填空题 1. 首先需要填写基本信息，男生的家庭住址是在Lake Elsinore（考字母听写）某处 2. 接下来是电话号码，0778926452（考十位数字听写） 3. 男生曾经做过waiter的兼职工作 4. 他目前正在学体育，希望未来能成为baseball教练 5. 他去年已经考过了水上安全证，证书要到October才过期 6. 他曾经在当地的beach做过水上安全员的工作 7. 还有一项额外技能是diving 8. 他愿意在Sunday早上来工作 9. 从早上6点开始上班也不介意 10. 是开车的时候听radio得知了这家的招聘信息
Part 2场景：一位男士介绍一些cooking tours以及一个烹饪工作室的布局 题型：6道匹配题 + 4道地图题 匹配题 给了六条可以报名参加的烹饪之旅，匹配它们各自的特色。选项不重要，看内容即可： 11.California 正确答案：可以上一些一对一的教授烹饪课程 12.Italy 正确答案：某天下午可以享受一次bus tour 13.New Orleans 正确答案：会提供一次guided walking tour 14.Feast Budgets 正确答案：教如何省时间地烹饪 15.Cooking for Two 正确答案：教如何烹饪营养健康餐 16.Variation on Themes 正确答案：使用某种特定的原材料来进行烹饪 地图题 17-20给出了一个烹饪工作室的地图，要匹配出四个内容在图中的什么位置： 17. oven 18. refrigerator 19. demonstration kitchen 20. utensil cabinet
Part 3 场景：一男Sebastian和一女Nicole讨论自己的阅读作业，是关于cars in city这个主题 题型：6道单选题 + 4道匹配题 单选题 21. 两人都认为在现代城市中有车的人口数量下降了，主要原因是什么？ 正确答案：人们越来越多住在城中心地区 （rise in inner city living，去哪都很方便，要什么也很容易获得，所以不需要有车了） 22. 两人觉得在21世纪，拥有私家车意味着什么？ 正确答案：对环境不负责任（environmentally irresponsible，因为对环境的影响大） 23. 两人觉得政府推出的car charges（也就是开私家车需要交费）政策怎么样？ 正确答案：对经济不太宽裕的人群不友好 24. 两人提到曾经有一位学者设想过，未来人们会对什么样的交通技术感兴趣？ 正确答案：能鼓励人们共享交通工具（car sharing，这位学者还挺高瞻远瞩的哈） 25. 两人对于建立car clubs汽车俱乐部来共享交通工具提出了什么看法？ 正确答案：对俱乐部成员来说会很不方便（这种俱乐部就是所有成员都把自家车拿出来，放在俱乐部集体中共同使用、实现共享，理论上每个人都有很多辆俱乐部成员车可以挑选。但是每次要用车之前可能需要做很多沟通协调工作，就太麻烦了。） 26. 男生觉得一位叫Eric Hill的专家提出的看法怎么样？ 正确答案：大多数人可能不好理解（因为说得太复杂了） 匹配题 接下来，两人讨论了四个城市中的一些交通政策，匹配对它们的点评： 27.Birmingham伯明翰 正确答案：要争取经费来继续维持当前政策很难 28. London伦敦 正确答案：受益于其历史政策（因为一直是首都，所以历任城市规划决策者们都需要超前设想好，因此后世也间接受益了） 29.Helsinki赫尔辛基 正确答案：描述了一个想象中的交通规划计划（这也行？） 30.Mumbai孟买 正确答案：应当把交通政策扩大运用到城市的更多区域去
Part 4场景：关于gardens in hospital的好处介绍 题型：10道填空题 31. 曾有研究表明，花园能更好地帮助病人从手术和infection中恢复 32. 曾有人做过实验，窗户面向花园景象的病人比窗外只能看到一堵wall的病人好得更快 33. 待回忆 34. 花园景象能对身体产生各种积极的作用，特别是对于heart 35. 对人体的整个immune系统也有好处 36. 几位学者采用了interviews的方式来辅助数据分析 37. 如果一个花园里有fountain那就更好了 38. 医院花园里需要有可以很容易移动的furniture 39. 最好能吸引birds前来 40. 老年病人希望自己仍然能是society中的一员 回忆4： 阅读 Passage1主题：关于在发展中国家运用treadle pump的描述 题型：6道判断题 + 4道图形填空题 + 3道简答填空题 判断题 1. NOT GIVEN 在发展中国家修建水坝和水库要花更长的时间 2. FALSE 绿色大革命(The Green Revolution)没能提高粮食产量（这项活动很成功地提升了粮食产量，但它没能实现其终极目标，也就是帮发展中国家脱贫） 3. TRUE 在帮助居民摆脱贫困方面，小项目的效果常比大型项目更为成功 4. NOT GIVEN 在1981年，孟加拉的水稻产量下降了 5. TRUE 一个农夫知道若要脱贫，自己需要哪些支持 6. FALSE 这种treadle pump工具一开始是给大项目设计的（一开始就着眼于面向小型地区项目） 图形填空题 7. 一个人可以踩水泵several hours不用休息 8. 制作设备的材质是bamboo 9. 设备中连接了vertical cylinders和活塞（piston） 10. 可以汲取上来地下最深seven metres/meters的水 简答填空题 11. half an acre（利用这种设备每天可以浇灌多大面积的土地？） 12. corrugated tin（使用了设备的农夫家里的新屋顶用了什么材料？） 13. 37.5million（孟加拉农夫为了安装这套设备一共付出了多少钱？）
Passage2主题：关于英国的海岸考古coastal archaeology 题型：4道单选题 + 6道判断题 + 1组六选三的多选题 单选题 14. 英国的海岸考古近年来受到了更大重视，主要原因是什么？ 正确答案：因为人们越来越意识到环境变化的影响 15. 英国海岸地区的考古发现有什么特点？ 正确答案：它们主要与先前的内陆居住民有关。（因为冰河世纪之前的英国面积更大，后来冰河世纪后海平面上升、淹没了许多土地，所以现在从近海岸挖掘出来的东西其实是之前陆地居民的遗址遗物而已。） 16. 关于船只作者说了什么？ 正确答案：有一千年的时间里，没有关于它们的记录 17. 从空中得到的研究证据是关于哪个方面的？ 正确答案：捕鱼业（fishing industry） 判断题 18. TRUE 英国的土地面积在冰河世纪之前更大。 19. FALSE 20. FALSE 古代船只的设计结构都非常简单。 21. NOT GIVEN 在欧洲其他地方也发现了英国船只的遗骸。 22. TRUE 关于矿物质开采的文字记录很少。 23. NOT GIVEN 游客船对海岸地区的破坏作用正在增加。 多选题 作者在这篇文章中提及了哪三个方面（这道题的难度比较高，因为三个正确答案的位置非常分散）？ 24. 正确答案：很难知道曾有多少人口住在海岸附近 25. 正确答案：用来研究渔业发展的方法 26. 正确答案：人类活动对海岸周围环境所产生的影响
Passage3主题：关于食物中苦味的研究与发展 题型：7道段落细节信息匹配题(有NB) + 5道句子填空题 + 2道单选题 段落细节信息匹配题 27. B 描述了一个用来比较不同味道的实验细节 28. H 提到了药物可以靠利用抑制苦味的化合物来进行改进 29. E 一些人之所以不喜欢吃苦味食物的生理原因 30. F 接收苦味这种感觉的过程 31. C 研究苦味比研究其他味道更有商业价值 32. H 使用一些抑制苦味的化合物如何可以对健康产生一些间接的好处 33. D 人类与动物对苦味的不同回应 句子填空题 34. 柚子中之所以带苦味主要是因为含有naringin这种物质 35. 动物会认为苦味的植物是poisonous 36. 人类对于苦味强烈程度的不同感知是源于genetic原因 37. 那些对苦味格外敏感的人被称为supertasters 38. 舌头上的taste buds负责接收各种各样的味道 单选题 39. Gprotein的功用是什么？ 正确答案：负责传递苦味这种感觉 40. AMP这种物质可以用来做什么？ 正确答案：抑制一些食物的苦味 回忆5： Task 1 The piecharts below show the class sizes in primary(elementary) schools in four statesin Australia in 2010. Task 2 Somepeople think that good health is a basic human right, and that medical servicesshould not be run by profit-making companies. Do thedisadvantages of private medical care outweigh the advantages? 回忆6： 听力 P1：求职咨询 难易度: 一般 题型：填空 1.Elsinore 2.077896245 3.waiter 4.baseball 5.October 6.beach 7.diving 8.Saturday 9.6 10.radio
P2：厨师学校 题型：匹配+地图 11-16 匹配 11.Chave individual cooking lessons 12.H goon an afternoon bus tour 13.B learnabout food history 14.F goon a guided walking tour 15.Eprepare healthy meals 16.Awith one particular ingredient 17-20 地图 17.oven---C 18.refrigerator---F 19.demonstrationkitchen---D 20.cabinets---B
P3：讨论交通 难易度：待回忆 题型：选择 关键词：city transport, car 待回忆
P4：医院花园 难易度：一般 题型：填空 31.infection 32.wall 33.stress 34.heart 35.immunesystem 36.interview 37.fountain 38.furniture 39.birds 40.society 回忆7： 回忆8： 回忆9: 回忆10：
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