回忆1：
小作文：折线图
从1990年到2010年，四个年龄段人群去体育馆健身一次以上的数据变化
大作文：
Organizing tours to remote places and communities is becoming more and more popular. Is it a positive or negative development for the local people and environment？
回忆2：
阅读:
Passage 1：海岸
Passage 2：莎士比亚
Passage 3:保护小语种
Save EndangeredLanguage拯救濒危语言（文化类）
“Obviously we must do some serious rethinking of ourpriorities, lest linguistics go down in history as the only science thatpresided obviously over the disappearance of 90percent of the very field towhich it is dedicated. “-Michael Krauss, “The World’s Languages in Crisis ”.
A
Ten years ago Michael Krauss sent a shudder through the discipline oflinguistics with his prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken inthe world would cease to be uttered within a century. Unless scientists andcommunity leaders directed a worldwide effort to stabilize the decline of locallanguages, he warned, nine tenths of the linguistic diversity of humankindwould probably be doomed to extinction. Krauss’sprediction was little more than an educated guess, but other respectedlinguists had been clanging out similar alarms. Keneth L. Hale of theMassachusetts Institute of Technology noted in the same journal issue thateight languages on which he had done fieldwork had since passed intoextinction. A 1990 survey in Australia found that 70 of the 90 survivingAboriginal languages were no longer used regularly by all age groups. The samewas true for all but 20 of the 175 Native American languages spoken orremembered in the US., Krauss told a congressional panel in 1992.
B
Many experts in the field mourn the loss of rare languages, for severalreasons. To start, there is scientific self-interest: some of the most basicquestions in linguistics have to do with the limits of human speech, which arefar from fully explored. Many researchers would like to know which structuralelements of grammar and vocabulary—if any—are truly universal and probably therefore hardwiredinto the human brain. Other scientists try to reconstruct ancient migrationpatterns by comparing borrowed words that appear in otherwise unrelatedlanguages. In each of these cases, the wider the portfolio of languages youstudy, the more likely you are to get the right answers.
C
Despite the near constant buzz in linguistics about endangered languages over thepast 10 years, the field has accomplished depressingly little. “You would think that there would be some organizedresponse to this dire situation,” someattempt to determine which language can be saved and which should b edocumented before they disappear, says Sarah G. Thomason, a linguist at theUniversity of Michigan at Ann Arbor. “But thereisn’tany such effort organized in theprofession. It is only recently that it has become fashionable enough to workon endangered languages.”Six years ago, recalls Douglas H. Whalen ofYale University, “when I asked linguists who wasraising moneyto deal with these problems, I mostly got blank stares.”So Whalen and a few other linguists founded theEndangered Languages Fund. In the five years to 2001 they were able to collectonly $80,000 for research grants. A similar foundation in England, directed byNicholas Ostler, has raised just $8,000 since 1995.
D
But there are encouraging signs that the field has turned a corner. TheVolkswagen Foundation, a German charity, just issued its second round of grantstotaling more than $2 million. It has created a multimedia archive at theMaxPlanck Institute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands that can houserecordings, grammars, dictionaries and other data on endangered languages. Tofill the archive, the foundation has dispatched field linguists to documentAweti (100 or so speakers in Brazil), Ega (about 300 speakers in Ivory Coast),Waima’a (a few hundred speakers in East Timor),and a dozen or so other languages unlikely to survive the century. The FordFoundation has also edged into the arena. Its contributions helped toreinvigorate a master-apprentice program created in 1992 byLeanne Hinton ofBerkeley and Native Americans worried about the imminent demise of about 50indigenous languages in California. Fluent speakers receive $3,000 to teach ayounger relative (who is also paid) their native tongue through 360 hours ofshared activities, spread over six months. So far about 5 teams have completedthe program, Hinton says, transmitting at least some knowledge of 25 languages.“It’s too early to call this languagerevitalization,”Hinton admits. “In California the death rate of elderly speakers willalways be greater than the recruitment rate of young speakers. But at least weprolong the survival of the language.”That willgive linguists more time to record these tongues before they vanish.
E
But the master-apprentice approach hasn’t caughton outside the U.S., and Hinton’s effort is a drop in the sea. At least 440languages have been reduced to a mere handful of elders, according to theEthnologue, a catalogue of languages produced by the Dallas-based group SILInternational thatcomes closest to global coverage. For the vast majority ofthese languages, there is little or no record of their grammar, vocabulary,pronunciation or use in daily life. Even if a language has been fullydocumented, all that remains once it vanishes from active use is a fossilskeleton, a scattering of features that the scientist was lucky and astuteenough to capture. Linguists may be able to sketch an outline of the forgottenlanguage and fix its place on the evolutionary tree, but little more. “How did people start conversations and talk to babies?Howdid husbands and wives converse?”Hinton asks.“Those are the first things you want to learn when youwant to revitalize the language.”
F
But there is as yet no discipline of “conservationlinguistics, ”as there is forbiology. Almost everystrategy tried so far has succeeded in some places but failed in others, andthere seems to be no way to predict with certainty what will work where. Twentyyears ago in New Zealand, Maori speakers set up “languagenests,”in which preschoolers were immersed in thenative language. Additional Maori-only classes were added as the childrenprogressed through elementary and secondary school. A similar approach wastried in Hawaii, with some success—the numberof native speakers has stabilized at 1,000 or so, reports Joseph E. Grimes ofSIL International, who is working on Oahu. Students can now get instruction inHawaiian all the way through university.
G
One factor that always seems to occur in the demise of a language is that thespeakers begin to have collective doubts about the usefulness of languageloyalty. Once they start regarding their own language as inferior to themajority language, people stop using it for all situations. Kids pick up on theattitude andprefer the dominant language. In many cases, people don’t notice until they suddenly realize that their kidsnever speak the language, even at home. This is how Cornish and some dialectsof Scottish Gaelic is still only rarely used for daily home life in Ireland, 80years after the republic was founded with Irish as its first official language.
H
Linguists agree that ultimately, the answer to the problem of languageextinction is multilingualism. Even uneducated people can learn severallanguages, as long as they start as children. Indeed, most people in the worldspeak more than one tongue, and in places such as Cameroon (279 languages),Papua New Guinea (823) and India (387) it is common to speak three or fourdistinct languages and a dialect or two as well. Most Americans and Canadians,to the west of Quebec, have a gut reaction that anyone speaking another languagein front of them is committing an immoral act. You get the same reaction inAustralia and Russia. It is no coincidence that these are the areas wherelanguages are disappearing the fastest. The first step in saving dyinglanguages is to persuade the world’smajorities to allow the minorities among them to speak with their own voices.
Questions 27-33
The reading passage has eight paragraphs, A-H
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list below.Write thecorrect number, i-xi, in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i data consistency needed for language the SI TER
ii Solution for dying out language
iii positive gains for protection
iv minimum requirement for saving a language
v Potential threat to minority language
vi Value of minority language to linguists.
vii native language program launched
viii Subjective doubts as a negative factor
ix Practise in several developingcountries
x Value of minority language to linguists.
xi government participation in language field
27 Paragraph A
28 Paragraph B
29Paragraph D
30Paragraph E
31Paragraph F
32Paragraph G
33Paragraph H
Questions 34-38
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-F) withopinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 34-38 onyour answer sheet.
A Nicholas Ostler
B Michael Krauss
C Joseph E. Grimes
D Sarah G. Thomason
E Keneth L. Hale
F Douglas H. Whalen
34 Reported language conservation practice in Hawaii
35 Predicted that many languages would disappear soon
36 Experienced languages die out personally
37 Raised language fund in England
38 Not enough effort on saving until recent work
Questions 39-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet.
39 What is purpose of master-apprentice program sponsored by The FordFoundation?
A Teach children how to speak
B Revive endangered language
C Preserve endanger red language
D Increase communication between students
40 What should majority language speaker should do according to the lastparagraph?
A They should teach their children endangered language
B They should learn at least four languages
C They should show their loyalty to a dying language
D They should be more tolerant to minority language speaker
答案：
27 v, 28 x, 29 iii， 30 i， 31vii， 32 viii， 33 ii
34 C 35 B 36 E 37 A 38. D 39.C 40.D
回忆3：
听力:
P1：兴趣班报名
难度：一般
题型：填空
1.12 weeks
2.supermarket
3.materials
4.待回忆
5.Patterson
6.faces
7.pencil
8.cartoon
9.procedure
10.park
P2：介绍超市售货员的书
P3：求职
难度：较难
题型：单选+配对
21-25 单选
21.B how to handle statstics
22.B he can work long hours
23.B personal statement
24.A to update his konwledge in the area
25.B change to study a new language
26-30匹配
26.B to understand customer relations
27.C to deal with finance
28.F to learn management
29.A to make business contacts
30.D to use a foreign language
P4：影响农业的疾病虫害和预防
回忆4：
小作文: 线图 欧洲国家不同年龄的人去运动场地数据变化
大作文：Organized tours to remote places and communities are increasingly popular.Is it a positive or negative development for local people and the local environment?
回忆5：
阅读：
Passage1: 海岸和航运公司
Passage2: 莎士比亚
Passage3: 小语种处境
回忆6：
听力
S1 兴趣班报名
1. a period of 12 weeks(全文说了从4月份到6月份的一个时间短,后来算了一下一共12周)
2. The bus stop is next to supermarket(原文说的是beside the supermarket, 有个干扰信息应该是hospital, 说的是by the hospital, 但是是他们公司的位置而不是bus stop 的位置)
3.sometimes charge for materials
4.bank account number:125048900
5.Name: Sally Patterson
6.draw people’s face
7.need to bring: pencils
8.a short cartoon film
9.procedure
10.venue: outside in thepark
S3 一个教授和两个学生对关于独立学习、自学能力学习模式的讨论，谈话者表示不太能够适应所有课程，教授给出了相应的建议和指导
21-25 (选择题)
21. B how to handle statstics
22. B what is his strength 答案 he can work long hours
23. B what will the work office help the man do 答案 personal statement
24. A why the men choose IT and business? 答案 update his knowledge
25. A continue the same language or B learn a new language
26-30（配对题）
配对选项有：
26. B to understand customer relations
27. C to deal with finance
28. F to learn management
29. A to make business contacts
30. D to use a foreign language
回忆7：
小作文
折线图；从1990年到2010年，四个年龄段人群去体育馆健身一次以上的数据变化
大作文
Organizing tours to remote places and communities is becoming more and more popular. Is it a positive or negative development for the local people and environment？
思路分析：
这是一篇有关旅游类话题的大作文，此类话题也是考试中常考的话题之一，考点包括旅游对个人、当地社区和国家等的利弊。此篇文章考察去往偏远地区旅游对于当地居民和环境的影响，积极方面考生可从经济效益、就业机会、基础设施提升等方面进行写作，消极方面主要反映在对于生态环境的破坏、本土价值遭到破坏等角度进行思考。值得一提的是，此篇文章考生采用让步的写法来提及优缺点，并重点强调其中一方会比较出彩。
参考词汇：
exotic adj.异常迷人的，奇异的，外国风情的
tourism industry 旅游业
alleviate unemployment 减轻失业
tourist attractions 旅游景点
heritage n.遗产
expand one's vision/horizons 开阔眼界
multi-sensory 多种感官体验的(听觉，触觉等)
promote cultural communication促进文化交流
first-hand experience 亲身体验
mutual understanding 相互了解
ommercialize v.使商业化
undermine culture 破坏文化
It is true that tours to remote and exotic places on the earth have gained popularity in recent years. While this has several benefits for the local community, I believe that overall the negative consequences are more significant.
Admittedly, the growth of the tourism industry has brought enormous benefits to local people. More tourists mean greater demand for food, accommodation, and services, all of which create job opportunities and alleviate unemployment in the area. The development of tourism also has ripple effects on local infrastructure, with more roads and bridges being built to meet tourists’ needs. This can be seen in the case of Dalian, a coastal city, and also a tourist destination in China.
The biggest disadvantage of the trend is, however, its adverse effects on the pristine environment and creatures living there. Forests may be cut down to make way for resorts and hotels; marine life might be threatened due to water pollution, and birds have to find other places to inhabit. In some places, waste from the hotel industry is becoming an environmental problem that concerns many people, not just environmentalists. Another drawback is that increased tourism may break social cohesion in the local community. Many people make a living by providing services for travelers and become rich while many others remain poor and struggle for the next meal. This wealth gap is gradually widening and has detrimental impacts on the bond and the shared values of indigenous individuals.
In conclusion, although the growth of tourism to remote areas and exotic countries is beneficial to some extent, it is more likely to have harmful impacts on local people and the environment.
回忆8：
回忆9:
回忆10：
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