回忆1：
机考：people know some activities are unhealthy but still do it. Why and how to change it 大概是这样吧
回忆2：
听力 P4,cities,bank,acid,concrete,glasses,rainfall,wood,soil,movement,guidelines
小作文是线图和表格，大作文是极限运动应该禁止，你同意与否
回忆3：
小作文：动态线图（欧洲一个国家六年里人均每周工作时间变化）+静态表格（六年的人均假期）。
大作文：极限运动很危险 认为应该被禁止，你同不同意。
回忆4：
阅读
第一篇是香水的发展史
第二篇是英国村庄的复杂和多样
第三篇是What Do Babies Know? 婴儿知道什么?
A
As Daniel Haworth is settled into a high chair andwheeled behind a black screen, a sudden look of worry furrows his 9-month-oldbrow. His dark blue eyes dart left and right in search of the familiarreassurance of his mother's face. She calls his name and makes soothing noises,but Daniel senses something unusual is happening. He sucks his fingers forcomfort, but, finding no solace, his month crumples, his body stiffens, and helets rip an almighty shriek of distress. This is the usual expression whenbabies are left alone or abandoned. Mom picks him up, reassures him, and twominutes later, a chortling and alert Daniel returns to the darkened boothbehind the screen and submits himself to baby lab, a unit set up in 2005 at theUniversity of Manchester in northwest England to investigate how babies think.
当丹尼尔·霍沃斯(Daniel Haworth)坐在一张高椅子上，在黑色屏幕后面转动时，他9个月大的额头上突然出现了担忧的表情。他那双深蓝色的眼睛左顾右盼，想从他母亲的脸上找到熟悉的安慰。她叫着丹尼尔的名字，发出令人宽慰的声音，但丹尼尔感觉有些不寻常的事情正在发生。他吮吸自己的手指寻求安慰，但找不到安慰，他的月垮了，他的身体僵硬，他发出了一声巨大的痛苦的尖叫。这是婴儿被单独留下或被遗弃时的常用表达。妈妈抱起丹尼尔，安慰他。两分钟后，丹尼尔咯咯地笑着，警觉地回到屏幕后面黑暗的展台，把自己交给婴儿实验室(babylab)。
B
Watching infants piece life together, seeing theirsenses, emotions and motor skills take shape, is a source of mystery andendless fascination-at least to parents and developmental psychologist. We candecode their signals of distress or read a million messages into their firstsmile. But how much do we really know about what's going on behind those wide,innocent eyes? How much of their understanding of and response to the worldcomes preloaded at birth? How much is built from scratch by experience? Suchare the questions being explored at baby lab. Though the facility is just 18months old and has tested only 100 infants, it's already challenging currentthinking on what babies know and how they come to know it.
看着婴儿拼凑生活，看着他们的感觉、情感和运动技能成形，是一种神秘和无尽的魅力的源泉——至少对父母和发展心理学家来说是这样。我们可以解读他们的悲伤信号，或者从他们的第一个微笑中读出上百万条信息。但我们对那双天真的大眼睛背后究竟发生了什么究竟了解多少呢?他们对世界的理解和反应，有多少是与生俱来的?有多少是由经验白手起家的?这些都是婴儿实验室正在探索的问题。尽管该实验室只有18个月大，只对100名婴儿进行了测试，但它已经对目前关于婴儿知道什么以及他们是如何知道这些的想法提出了挑战。
C
Daniel is now engrossed in watching video clips of ared toy train on a circular track. The train disappears into a tunnel andemerges on the other side. A hidden device above the screen is trackingDaniel's eyes as they follow the train and measuring the diametre of his pupils50 times a second. As the child gets bored-or ”habituated”, as psychologistscall the process-his attention level steadily drops. But it picks up a littlewhenever some novelty is introduced. The train might be green, or it might beblue. And sometimes an impossible thing happens-the train goes into the tunnelone color and comes out another.
丹尼尔现在正全神贯注地观看圆形轨道上一列红色玩具火车的视频片段。火车消失在隧道的另一边。屏幕上方的一个隐藏装置正在追踪丹尼尔的眼睛，当他们跟随火车时，以每秒50次的速度测量他瞳孔的直径。当孩子感到无聊——或者心理学家称之为“习惯”——他的注意力水平就会稳步下降。但每当引入一些新奇的东西时，它就会有一点进步。火车可能是绿色的，也可能是蓝色的。有时不可能的事情发生了——火车一种颜色进入隧道，另一种颜色出来。
D
Variations of experiments like this one, examininginfant attention, have been a standard tool of developmental psychology eversince the Swiss pioneer of the field, Jean Piaget ,started experimenting on hischildren in the 1920s.Piaget's work led him to conclude that infants youngerthan 9 months have no innate knowledge of how the world works or any sense of"object permanence"(that people and things still exist even whenthey're not seen). Instead, babies must gradually construct this knowledge fromexperience. Piaget's "constructivist" theories were massivelyinfluential on postwar educators and psychologist, but over the past 20 yearsor so they have been largely set aside by a new generation of "nativist"psychologists and cognitive scientists whose more sophisticated experiments ledthem to theorise that infants arrive already equipped with some knowledge ofthe physical world and even rudimentary programming for math and language. Babylab director Sylvain Sirois has been putting these smart-baby theories througha rigorous set of tests. His conclusions so far tend to be morePiagetian:“Babies" he says, "know nothing."
自从20世纪20年代，这个领域的瑞士先驱让皮亚杰(JeanPiaget)开始在他的孩子身上做实验以来，类似于这种测试婴儿注意力的各种实验，一直是发展心理学的标准工具。皮亚杰的研究使他得出结论:9个月以下的婴儿对世界的运行方式没有先天的认识，也没有任何“物体的持久性”(即人和事物即使在看不见的情况下也仍然存在)。相反，婴儿必须从经验中逐渐构建这种知识。皮亚杰的“建构主义”理论在战后大量有影响力的教育家和心理学家,但是在过去的20年左右他们很大程度上留出了新一代的“本土主义”心理学家和认知科学家的更复杂的实验使他们建立理论,婴儿已经到达配备一些知识的物理世界,甚至基本的编程数学和语言。婴儿实验室主任西尔万·西罗伊斯(Sylvain Sirois)一直在对这些智能婴儿理论进行一系列严格的测试。到目前为止，他的结论更倾向于皮亚杰式的:“婴儿”他说，“什么都不知道。”
E
What Sirois and his postgraduate assistant LainJackson are challenging is the interpretation of a variety of classicexperiments begun in the mid-1980s in which babies were shown physical eventsthat appeared to violate such basic concepts as gravity, solidity andcontiguity. In one such experiment, by University of Illinois psychologistRenee Baillargeon, a hinged wooden panel appeared to pass right through a box.Baillargeon and M.I.T's Elizabeth Spelke found that babies as young as 31/2months would reliably look longer at the impossible event than at the normalone. Their conclusion: babies have enough built-in knowledge to recognize thatsome-thing is wrong.
Sirois和他的研究生助理Lain Jackson所面临的挑战是，如何解释上世纪80年代中期开始的一系列经典实验。伊利诺伊大学(Universityof Illinois)心理学家蕾妮·贝拉金(Renee Baillargeon)就做过这样一个实验:一块铰链木板似乎正好穿过一个盒子。Baillargeon教授和M.I.T的伊丽莎白·斯皮尔克发现，仅31个半月大的婴儿对不可能发生的事情的注视时间肯定比正常情况下要长。他们的结论是:婴儿有足够的内在知识来认识到某些事情是错误的。
F Sirois does not take issue with the way theseexperiments were conducted. "The methods are correct and replicable,"he says, "it's the interpretation that's the problem." In a criticalreview to be published in the forthcoming issue of the European Journal ofDevelopmental Psychology, he and Jackson pour cold water over recentexperiments that claim to have observed innate or precocious social cognitionskills in infants. His own experiments indicate that a baby's fascination withphysically impossible events merely reflects a response to stimuli that are novel.Data from the eye tracker and the measurement of the pupils(which widen inresponse to arousal or interest show that impossible events involving familiarobjects are no more interesting than possible events involving novel objects.In other words, when Daniel had seen the red train come out of the tunnel greena few times, he gets as bored as when it stays the same color. The mistake ofprevious research, says Sirois, has been to leap to the conclusion that infantscan understand the concept of impossibility from the mere fact that they areable to perceive some novelty in it. ”The real explanation is boring," hesays.
Sirois并不反对这些实验的进行方式。“这些方法是正确的，是可以复制的，”他说，“问题在于解释。”在即将出版的《欧洲发展心理学杂志》(EuropeanJournal of development Psychology)上发表的一篇评论文章中，他和杰克逊对最近声称观察到婴儿先天或早熟的社会认知技能的实验泼了冷水。他自己的实验表明，婴儿对物理上不可能的事情的迷恋仅仅反映了他们对新奇刺激的反应。来自眼动仪和瞳孔测量的数据显示，涉及熟悉物体的不可能事件并不比涉及新奇物体的可能事件更有趣。换句话说，当丹尼尔几次看到红色的火车从隧道里出来，绿色的，他感到无聊，就像它保持相同的颜色一样。Sirois说，以前的研究的错误在于得出结论，婴儿能够理解不可能的概念，仅仅是因为他们能够感知其中的一些新奇之处。“真正的解释很无聊，”他说。
G
So how do babies bridge the gap between knowing squatand drawing triangles-a task Daniel's sister Lois,21/2, is happily tackling asshe waits for her brother? "Babies have to learn everything, but as Piagetwas saying, they start with a few primitive reflexes that get things going,"said Sirois. For example, hardwired in the brain is an instinct that draws ababy's eyes to a human face. From brain imaging studies we also know that thebrain has some sort of visual buffer that continues to represent objects afterthey have been removed-a lingering perception rather than conceptualunderstanding. So when babies encounter novel or unexpected events, Siroisexplains, "there's a mismatch between the buffer and the informationthey're getting at that moment. And what you do when you've got a mismatch isyou try to clear the buffer. And that takes attention." So learning, saysSirois, is essentially the laborious business of resolving mismatches."The thing is, you can do a lot of it with this wet sticky thing called abrain. It's a fantastic, statistical-learning machine". Daniel, examsended, picks up a plastic tiger and, chewing thoughtfully upon its heat, smilesas if to agree.
那么，宝宝们是如何在知道蹲姿和画三角形之间架起一座桥梁的呢?丹尼尔21岁半的妹妹露易丝在等哥哥的时候正在开心地做这个任务。Sirois说:“婴儿必须学习所有的东西，但就像皮亚杰所说的，他们从一些原始的反射开始，这些反射使事情得以进行。”例如，大脑中固有的一种本能会将婴儿的眼睛吸引到人脸上。从脑成像研究中我们还知道，大脑有某种视觉缓冲，在物体被移除后，这种缓冲还能继续代表物体——一种挥之不去的感知，而不是概念上的理解。因此，当婴儿遇到新奇或意想不到的事件时，Sirois解释说，“在缓冲和他们当时获得的信息之间存在不匹配。当出现不匹配时，你要做的是清除缓冲区。这需要引起注意。因此，Sirois说，学习本质上是解决不匹配的艰苦工作。“问题是，你可以用这个叫做大脑的湿黏东西做很多事情。这是一个奇妙的、统计式的学习机器。考试结束了，丹尼尔拿起一只塑料老虎，若有所思地咀嚼着它的热量，微笑着表示同意。
参考答案：
27-32) 判断
27. Baby’s behavior afterbeing abandoned is not surprising.
True
28.Parents are over-estimating what babies know.
Not Given
29. Only100 experiments have been done but can prove the theories
aboutwhat we know.
False
30.Piaget’s theorywas rejected by parents in 1920s.
Not Given
31.Sylvain Sirois’sconclusion on infant’s cognition is similar to
Piaget’s.
True
32.Sylvain Sirois found serious flaws in the experimental designs by
Baillargeonand Elizabeth Spelke.
False
33-37) 信息配对
33. JeanPiaget thinks infants younger than 9 months won’t know
somethingexisting.
B -before they learn from experience.
34. JeanPiaget thinks babies only get the knowledge.
E - whenthe previous things appear again in the lives.
35. Somecognitive scientists think babies have the mechanism to
learn alanguage.
A -before they are born.
36.Sylvain Sirois thinks that babies can reflect a response to stimuli
that arenovel
D - whenfacing the possible and impossible events.
37.Sylvain Sirois thinks babies’attention level will drop.
C - whenthey had seen the same thing for a while.
38-40) 单选
38. Whatcan we know about Daniel in the third paragraph?
B. Kids’ attention fell whenhe accustomed to the changes.
39. Whatcan we know from the writer in the fourth paragraph?
A. Thetheories about what baby knows changed over time.
40. Whatcan we know from the argument of the experience about
the babyin the sixth paragraph?
D.Sylvain Sirois suggests that novel things attract baby's attention.
回忆5：
小作文：线形图+表格
欧洲一个国家六年里人均每周工作时间变化，六年的人均假期
大作文：
Some people think governments should ban dangerous sports. Others, however, say people have the freedom to make their own decisions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
回忆6：
阅读部分
Passage 1 香水的发展史
Passage2 英国村庄的复杂和多样
Passage3婴儿的感知能力
27-32 判断
27 TRUE
28 FALSE
29 FALSE
30 NOT GIVEN
31 TRUE
32 FALSE
33-37 匹配
33 B
34 E
35 A
36 D
37 B
38-40 多选
38 B
39 A
40 D
回忆7：
听力部分
Part 1 holiday rental
1. 14 September
2. 835
3. school
4. towels
5. garage
6. deck
7. river
8. Chinese
9. 200
10. July
Part 2 兴趣班
11 选card making
12 选interior design introduction
13 选solve problem in internet design
14 选practical gardening design
15-20 匹配
15 选 for adults and children
16 选 specially priced
17 选 changes to a new place
18 选 famous sports player
19 选 holds regional competition
20 选 minimal age required
Part 3 安慰剂
Part 4 Fire ant
31. desert
32. rocks
33. port
34. soil
35. water
36. sports
37. electrical
38. dogs
39. helicopter
40. corn
回忆8：
听力
Section1 vacation in a cottage 假日房屋租赁
参考答案：
1.booking date：September 14(September 14 fully booked)
2.price：$835
3.near：school(originally was a post office in 1950s)
4.provide：towels
5.leave no：garbage in the cottage
6.there is a deck upstairs
7.Great view：River
8.Nearby restaurant：Chinese
9.booking deposit：$200
10.need to book：in July
Section2 一个evening school的课外艺术及体育课程介绍。
艺术课程有card making, interior designintroduction, calligraphy, water color painting and practice gardening。
11-14多选题
11-12. 哪两门课需自带材料？选A. card making和E. interior designintroduction
13-14. 哪两门课持续超过一学期？选A. intro to interior design（1 year）和E. practical gardening（2 terms）
15-20搭配题：不同体育课程的特征和适合的人群（7选6配对）
A. venuechange B. minimumage
C. regionalcompetition D. special price
E. children and adults F. visitincluded
G. famous coach
15. music dance: A (last term..., this term...)
16. yoga: E (all age, the whole family)
17. tai chi: B (over 60)
18. lacrosse: D (half price)
19. tennis: G (instructor得过奖)
20. golf: C (youwill be selected)
SECTION 4 澳洲火蚂蚁
31 live in environment except for desert and cold areas
32 often found under rocks
33 first found in Brisbane in 2001,near the port
34 carried in soil in farming equipment
35 prevent people from getting water
36 reduce use of sports facilities
37 damage electrical systems
38 aided by well-trained dogs
39 camera wired to a helicopter
40 insectioncide and bait mixed with corn
回忆9：
阅读
Passage1：
文章主题：香水的发展史
题型：判断题+表格题
文章难度：一般
参考答案：待回忆
Passage2：
文章主题：英国村庄的复杂和多样
文章难度：较难
题型：配对题+填空题
参考答案：
14. ii
15. iv
16. ix
17. viii
18. i
19. iii
20. farmsteads
21. 待回忆
22. clearance of woodland
23. dikes
24. pastoral farm
25. long houses
26. lands descendants
Passage3
文章主题：婴儿的感知能力
文章难度：一般
题型：判断题+配对题+多选题
参考答案：
27 TRUE
28 Not Given
29 FALSE
30 NOT GIVEN
31 TRUE
32 FALSE
33 B
34 E
35 A
36 D
37 B
38 B
39 A
40 D
回忆10：
2020年11月12日、11月14日雅思考试总体反馈：重磅！11月12日-14日雅思考试IRP命中两到三部份听力（2-3 Sections）原文原题原答案！命中阅读原文原题原答案！命中A类G类大小作文题目!命中口语绝大部分真题原题!总体稍难。2020年11月12日-14日雅思听说读写全面大中,全面开花！（疫情期间，全球不同考区时差、A类、G类考生回忆数据比较少、收集不够齐全，待补充，还在不断更新中…）祝贺IRP会员将出现不少雅思高分人才！总体反馈请（复制链接）进入http://bbs.ieltstofelglobal.com/thread-251429-1-1.html 特别提醒：雅思考试20多年来，有非常严格的规律性和出题思路。全世界有6大考区，而只有一个剑桥考试中心几个人在出题，每个考区一周平均要出一份考卷，一个月很多考区平均出24份考卷。（尤其是2019-2020年以来,全世界各考区和众多城市开始增加雅思机考的选择，机考的城市几乎每天都有雅思考试，一个月考官要出20几份雅思机考卷子，机考跟传统纸质考试的区别只是纸质和电脑上考试的区别，考试内容、评分标准、难度等级、考试题型、考试安全设置等方面均与现行的纸笔模式完全一致。）雅思考试如此频繁，如何保证达到难度一样呢，如何保证新题难度、准确度和评价机制公平呢，所以只能是20几年来的题库旧题目的有效组合，新题不能超出5%-10%,每份雅思卷子都是90%-99%以上旧题。每一份雅思考试试题其实是大部分旧题原题真题+个别新题目的重新组合，多年雅思考官和专家Edward老师非常熟悉雅思出题规律和听说读写题库出题组合卷子的秘诀，IRP资料因此而诞生！具体请阅读http://bbs.ieltstofelglobal.com/thread-32-1-1.html
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发表于 2020-11-24 15:28:55
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