听力部分
Part 1：酒店场地预订难易度: 一般
题型：填空
1.room on the 5th floor
2.large,bright room with a good view
3.cost £32 with buffet per person (minimum number of people : 35
4.available any 4 Saturday in April
5.The Limerick Hotel
6.in the business area of the city
7.room on ground floor with a small garden forguests to use
8. gym
Booking information
9.Final payment of 65% required 10 days before booking
10.To book, phone 044298611 on Monday
版本二：
Part 2 News study Community College
11-16) 选择
11. What position does the Dan hold at Newstudy College?
B. head of administration
12. Why was the evening programme established?
C. to meet the requirements of the local population
13. Who can attend an evening activity without paying?
A .new study students
14. what can people do at Maryland College in the evenings?
B. use the library
15. What has changed this year?
B.starting times for the activities
16. What will happen later in the evening?
A .aconcert
15-20) 匹配
SpecialFeatures
A .aimedprimarily at school teachers
B. for parentsand childreni together
C. ends witha competition
D.restricted numbers
E.award-winning teacher
F.taught in an originalway
Activities
17.film-making C. prize
18.table tennis E. champion
19.swimming D. limited seats
20.painting B. all families
Part 3：船员采访
21-26) 单选
21.B
22.A
23.B
24.A
25.C
26.A
27-30) 多选
27-28.AB
29-30.BE
Part 4 贝壳历史
31.necklaces
32.Mexico
33.shiny
34.clothing
35.corn
36.money
37.weight
38.fertility
39.Spain
40.wedding
阅读部分
Passage1：茶
TheHistory of Tea
原文：
The story of tea begins in China. Accordingto legend, in 2737 BC, the Chinese emperor Shen Nung was sitting beneath a treewhile his servant boiled drinking water, when some leaves from the tree blewinto the water. Shen Nung, a renowned herbalist, decided to try the infusionthat his servant had accidentally created. The tree was a Camellia sinensis,and the resulting drink was what we now call tea. It is impossible to knowwhether there is any truth in this story. But tea drinking certainly becameestablished in China many centuries before it had even been heard of in theWest. Containers for tea have been found in tombs dating from the Han Dynasty(206 BC—220 AD) but it was under the Tang Dynasty (618—906 AD), that tea becamefirmly established as the national drink of China. It became such a favouritethat during the late eighth century a writer called Lu Yu wrote the first bookentirely about tea, the Ch’a Ching, or Tea Classic. It was shortly after thisthat tea was first introduced to Japan, by Japanese Buddhist monks who hadtravelled to China to study. Tea received almost instant imperial sponsorshipand spread rapidly from the royal court and monasteries to the other sectionsof Japanese society.
So at this stage in the history of tea,Europe was rather lagging behind. In the latter half of the sixteenth centurythere are the first brief mentions of tea as a drink among Europeans. These aremostly from Portuguese who were living in the East as traders and missionaries.But although some of these individuals may have brought back samples of tea totheir native country, it was not the Portuguese who were the first to ship backtea as a commercial import. This was done by the Dutch, who in the last yearsof the sixteenth century began to encroach on Portuguese trading routes in theEast. By the turn of the century, they had established a trading post on theisland of Java, and it was via Java that in 1606 the first consignment of teawas shipped from China to Holland. Tea soon became a fashionable drink amongthe Dutch, and from there spread to other countries in continental westernEurope, but because of its high price it remained a drink for the wealthy.
Britain, always a little suspicious of continentaltrends, had yet to become the nation of tea drinkers that it is today. Startingin 1600, the British East India Company had a monopoly on importing goods fromoutside Europe, and it is likely that sailors on these ships brought tea homeas gifts. The first coffee house had been established in London in 1652, andtea was still somewhat unfamiliar to most readers, so it is fair to assume thatthe drink was still something of a curiosity. Gradually, it became a populardrink in coffee houses, which were as many locations for the transaction ofbusiness as they were for relaxation or pleasure. They were though the preserveof middle- and upper-class men; women drank tea in their own homes, and as yettea was still too expensive to be widespread among the working classes. Inpart, its high price was due to a punitive system of taxation.
One unforeseen consequence of the taxationof tea was the growth of methods to avoid taxation—smuggling and adulteration.By the eighteenth century many Britons wanted to drink tea but could not affordthe high prices, and their enthusiasm for the drink was matched by theenthusiasm of criminal gangs to smuggle it in. What began as a small timeillegal trade, selling a few pounds of tea to personal contacts, developed bydie late eighteenth century into an astonishing organised crime network,perhaps importing as much as 7 million lbs annually, compared to a legal importof 5 million lbs! Worse for die drinkers was that taxation also encouraged theadulteration of tea, particularly of smuggled tea which was not qualitycontrolled through customs and excise. Leaves from other plants, or leaveswhich had already been brewed and then dried, were added to tea leaves. By1784, the government realised that enough was enough, and that heavy taxationwas creating more problems than it was words. The new Prime Minister, WilliamPitt the Younger, slashed the tax from 119 per cent to 12.5 per cent. Suddenlylegal tea was affordable, and smuggling stopped virtually overnight.
Another great impetus to tea drinkingresulted from the end of the East India Company’s monopoly on trade with China,in 1834. Before that date, China was the country of origin of the vast majorityof the tea imported to Britain, but the end of its monopoly stimulated the EastIndia Company to consider growing tea outside China. India had always been thecentre of the Company’s operations, which led to the increased cultivation oftea in India, beginning in Assam. There were a few false starts, including thedestruction by cattle of one of the earliest tea nurseries, but by 1888 Britishtea imports from India were for the first time greater than those from China.
The end of the East India Company’s monopolyon trade with China also had another result, which was more dramatic thoughless important in the long term: it ushered in the era of the tea clippers.While the Company had had the monopoly on trade, there was no rush to bring thetea from China to Britain, but after 1834 the tea trade became a virtual freefor all. Individual merchants and sea captains with their own ships raced tobring home the tea and make the most money, using fast new clippers which hadsleek lines, tall masts and huge sails. In particular there was a competitionbetween British and American merchants, leading to the famous clipper races ofthe 1860s. But these races soon came to an end with the opening of the SuezCanal, which made the trade routes to China viable for steamships for the firsttime.
Questions 1-7
Complete the sentences below with wordstaken from Reading Passage 2 Use ONE WORD for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on youranswer sheet.
1.Researchers believed the tea containersdetected in........................ from the Han Dynasty was the first evidenceof the use of tea.
2. Lu Yu wrote a.......................about tea before anyone else in the eighth century.
3.It was....................... from Japanwho brought tea to their native country from China.
4.Tea was carried from China to Europeactually by the .....................
5. The British government had to cut downthe taxation on tea due to the serious crime of .....................
6. Tea was planted in.......................besides China in the 19th century.
7. In order to compete in shipping speed,traders used........................ for the race.
Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with theinformation given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet,write
TRUE if the statement agrees with theinformation
FALSE if the statement contradicts theinformation
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8. Tea was popular in Britain in the 16thcentury .....................
9.Tea was more fashionable than coffee inEurope in the late 16th century .....................
10. Tea was enjoyed by all classes inBritain in the seventeenth century .....................
11.The adulteration of tea also prompted William Pitt theYounger to reduce the tax .....................
12. Initial problems occurred when tea wasplanted outside China by the East India Company ......................
13. The fastest vessels were owned byAmerica during the 19th century clipper races ......................
题型：填空+判断
1.tombs
2.book
3.monks
4.Dutch
5.smuggling
6.India
7.clippers
8.FALSE
9.NOT GIVEN
10.FALSE
11.TRUE
12.TRUE
13.NOT GIVEN
Passage2: 新西兰初创企业
题型：匹配+选择+填空
14. iv
15.iii
16.i
17.ix
18.vi
19.vii
20.viii
21.C
22.E
23.D
24.weather
25.chef
26.weddings
Passage3: 洗牙科学和社会学（thefluoridation controversy）
原文：
A
The long-standing debate about whether to fluoridate our drinking water continuesFluoridation is the addition of fluorine to public water supplies with the aimof reducing tooth decay. The fluorine, when mixed with water, becomes fluorideand the desired concentration of fluoride in public water is approximately onepart per million, depending on the regional temperature and hence the amount ofwater people are likely to drink. Many studies, such as those by McClure in 1970through to Burt in 1983, have shown that when children drink fluoridated water,their average rate of tooth decay seems greatly reduced. A typical figureclaimed is 50 percent reduction. This apparently enormous benefit forchildren's teeth is the major argument in favor of fluoridation.
B
Three main grounds for opposition to fluoridation have been expressed. First,opponents claim the benefits are exaggerated or not established. Second, thereare claims of health risks to pans of the population, for example, allergicreactions. It is also accepted that high levels of fluoride can causediscoloration of otherwise healthy teeth. Proponents do not consider this to bea problem in such small concentrations, whereas opponents disagree - especiallybecause some people drink more water and obtain much more than the standard 1milligram of fluoride per day. Third, fluoridation is thought to be aninfringement on individual rights because it is compulsory medication of allmembers of a community.
C
Anunder standing of the fluoridation issue has important implications. If,according to the experts, fluoridation is unquestionably a beneficial andnon-hazardous measure, then the wisdom of allowing the public to vote on, andreject it must be questioned.
D
Almostall studies that have been done have assumed that the scientific aspects of thecontroversy are unproblematic, and they have excluded science from sociologicalexamination. The traditional view is that science is a special kind ofknowledge, which is established through scientific methods and objectivelyapplied by members of a scientific community. However, in recent years therehas been a major challenge to this picture by a sociology of science that showshow scientific knowledge is socially negotiated, and inevitably linked to thevalues of the relevant parties, both scientists and nonscientists. Thesechallengers do not see scientific knowledge as exempt from social inquiry.
E
Kuhn(1970) argued that scientific knowledge does not always develop as an orderlyprocess, but is characterized by periodic revolutions. in which the methods ofstudy and the assessment criteria change in a fragmented way. According toKuhn, the shift from one scientific way of thinking to another is not madesolely on the basis of clear rules of formal scientific practice, but caninclude social factors, though Kuhn has never developed a full analysis of whatthese might be. Collins (1975) took this concept further when he asserted thatthe outcome of experiments was not something whose meaning could be immediatelycomprehended, but rather something for interpretation, discussion betweenscientists, and reinterpretation in the light of other experiments.
F
One interpretation of this analysis of science is that traditional distinctionsbetween facts and theories, and between scientific knowledge and values, can nolonger be justified. Because social processes are involved at all stages of thecreation, evaluation, and establishing of scientific knowledge, social valuesmay also be involved.
G
In thesame way as many scientists who study fluoridation have overlooked socialvalues, sociologists have also downplayed an important part of the debate byignoring the number of eminent scientists who have questioned aspects offluoridation. An example is the study by Sutton in 1960, which analyzed theclassic North American studies of the effect of fluoridation on tooth decay,and found that each showed significant methodological shortcomings. Sutton'sdetailed study throws doubt as to the extent of reductions in tooth decay fromfluoridation. Yet Sutton's book is not cited in a single analysis of thefluoridation issue by any sociologist. In a situation of some scientificuncertainty, differences in values are highlighted. A supporter of fluoridationmight argue. The evidence for the benefits of fluoridation is quitesubstantial, while the evidence for harm is limited and dubious. I think thelikely benefits outweigh the possible dangers; hence I support fluoridationbecause it is the cheapest and easiest way to make sure every child reaps thebenefits. An opponent might argue, 'Though the evidence for the benefits offluoridation is substantial, there is some doubt about it. Since fluoridationis not necessary for good teeth, we should forego the benefits if there is someslight chance of harm. Some scientists claim that a small percentage of thepopulation could be harmed by fluoride. Therefore I oppose fluoridation ofwater supplies and favor the voluntary use of fluoride tablets by those whowant to take them.'
H
Both arguments consider the scientific evidence concerning fluoridation, but differin their assessments of the social benefits and costs. This difference is notbetween rationality and irrationality but is a legitimate difference in values,for example, the positive value placed on good teeth, the negative value placedon possible health risks, and the social benefits or costs of compulsory orvoluntary intake of fluorides.
I
From the sociological point of view, opposition to fluoridation is not necessarilyirrational. Rather, claims to rationality and to scientific authority arebetter seen as part of a strategy to promote fluoridation than asincontrovertible statements of fact. Second, social values are likely to bebound up in any decision about fluoridation, so this is not an issue on whichdeclarations by scientific experts ought to be considered the final word.
Questions1-5
Choosethe correct letter, A, B, C or D
Writethe correct letter in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet
1. Theoptimum amount of fluorine in fluoridated water is calculated partly accordingto
A. howhot the area is.
B. howwarm the water is.
C. howmany dental problems there are in the community.
D. howmuch fluorine the community chooses to have in its water.
2. Onereason given by the writer for opposing fluoridation is that
A. itmay contribute to tooth decay
B. itwill be unacceptably expensive for the public.
C. obligatoryfluoridation takes away personal freedom.
D. excessivefluoride could be added to the water by mistake.
3. Thewriter mentions Kuhn in order to
A. providea contrast with the view of Collins.
B. upport the rational nature of scientificinquiry.
C. demonstratethat Kuhn did not argue his case adequately.
D. showthat science can be influenced by non-scientific considerations
4. Whatdid Sutton's research discover about earlier studies in North America?
A. Therewere failings in the way they were carried out.
B. Thescientists involved had achieved unique results.
C. Proponentsof fluoridation had not understood its long-term effects.
D. Fluoridationhad a greater effect on tooth decay than previously believed.
5. Inthe last paragraph, what does the writer say about scientists?
A. Theyshould reveal their true motivations.
B. They should not decide the fluoridation policy.
C. They are solely concerned with scientific truths.
D. They cannot reach agreement on the fluoridation issue.
Questions6-9
Do thefollowing statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?
Inboxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write
YES ifthe statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOTGIVEN if it is impossible to say whatthe writer thinks about this
6.______ Scientific knowledge should be kept separatefrom social values.
7.______ Many sociologists have disregarded the doubts that some scientists haveconcerning fluoridation.
8._______ Sutton's findings have been given insufficient attention by scientistsoutside of North America.
9.______ There are valid arguments on both sides ofthe fluoridation debate.
Questions10-14
Completeeach sentence with the correct ending. A-G. below. Write the correct letter.A-G, in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.
10. Thetraditional view of science is that 10 ______
11. Asociological view of science argues that 11 ______
12. Collinsis of the opinion that 12 ______
13. Thewriter suggests that a supporter of fluoridation may conclude that 13 ______
14. Thewriter suggests that an opponent of fluoridation may conclude that 14 ______
A. theresults of scientific research are not always understood at first
B .if itis impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
C.people should be able to choose whether they want fluoride.
D. thereis insufficient proof to support a cautious approach.
E. theserious damage fluoride causes far outweighs any positive effects.
F.children are not the only ones who benefit from fluoridation.
G.scientific knowledge is affected by the beliefs of everyone concerned.
答案：
1.A
2.C
3.C
4.A
5.B
6.NO
7.YES
8.NOTGIVEN
9.YES
10.B
11.G
12.A
13.D
14.E
