回忆1：
小作文：一个表格 3年欧洲国家人每周摄入的食物对比 大概有七个食物
大作为：从三岁孩子身上就能看出他以后会不会犯罪 to what extent do u agree or disagree +有可能阻止吗？
回忆2：
大作文：许多人科学家说三岁孩子的行为就能看出来以后是不是罪犯，问题1.怎么回事 2.咋解决
小作文 表格图各种消费在欧洲
回忆3：
小作文：表格题；
大作文：Many scientists believe that now we can study the behavior of a three-year-old child to see whether they will grow up to be criminals. To what extent do you think crime is determined by human nature？ Is it possible to stop children from growing up to be criminals
阅读 冰箱的发展 补钙营养品 荒漠化
阅读
第一篇冰箱：两个配对-时间配对和人名配对；，补充句子选择；
第二篇 保健品：填空，段配
第三篇沙漠化：段配，填空，地点配特征
回忆5：
阅读
第一篇：冷冻运输的历史History of Refrigeration
原文：
A
The term refrigeration refers to cooling an area or substance below the environmental temperature, the process of removing heat. Mechanical refrigeration uses the evaporation of a liquid refrigerant to absorb heat. The refrigerant goes through a cycle so that it can be reused, the main cycles are; vapour-compression, absorption, steam-jet or steam-ejector, and air. Maryland farmer Thomas Moore first introduced the term Refrigerator in 1803, the appliance we know today first appeared in the 20th century.
B
Prior to mechanical refrigeration systems, people found different ways of preserving their food. Some people preferred to use cooling systems of ice or snow found either locally or brought down from mountains and sometimes stored in cellars. Using those techniques meant that diets would have consisted of very little fresh food or fruits and vegetables, but mostly of bread, cheese and salted meats. Milk and cheeses were difficult to keep fresh, they were usually stored in a cellar or window box, but despite those methods, they could not prevent rapid spoilage. People were more than ready for a better system of preserving food.Later on, it was discovered that adding chemicals like sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate to water caused the temperature to fall. Cooling wine with this technique was first recorded in 1550, as was the term “to refrigerate”. Cooling drinks became very popular by 1600 in Europe, especially in Spain, Italy and France. Instead of cooling water at night, people used a new technique; rotating long necked bottles in water which held dissolved saltpeter. The solution was used to create very low temperatures and even to make ice. By the end of the 17th century, iced drinks including frozen juices and liquors were very popular in French society.
C
A demand for ice soon became very strong. Consumer demand for fresh food, especially produce, led to diet reform between 1830 and the Civil War, fueled by the dramatic growth of cities and the improvement in economic status of the general populace. And as cities grew, so did the distance between the consumer and the source of the food. In 1799, ice was first shipped commercially out of Canal Street in New York City to Charleston, South Carolina. The attempt was a failure as there was very little ice left when the shipment arrived. Frederick Tudor and Nathaniel Wyeth of New England saw the great potential that existed for the ice business and revolutionized the industry with their efforts in the first half of the 1800s. Tudor, who was known as the “Ice King”, was more focused on shipping ice to tropical climates. To ensure his product would arrive safely, he experimented with different insulating materials and built icehouses that decreased melting losses from 66 percent to less than 8 percent. Wyeth developed a method of cheaply and quickly cutting uniform blocks of ice that transformed the ice industry. He made speed handling techniques in storage, transportation and distribution possible, with less waste.
D
Eventually it became clear that the ice being scraped was not all clean and was causing health problems. It was becoming an increasingly difficult task to find clean sources of natural ice and by the 1890’s, pollution and sewage dumping had made the job seem even more impossible. The first signs were noticed in the brewing industry, and then the meat packing and dairy industries became seriously affected. Some sort of clean, mechanical refrigeration was desperately needed.
E
Many inventive men were involved in the eventual creation of the refrigerator, through different discoveries that each built on the next. Dr. William Cullen, a Scotsman, was the first to study the evaporation of liquids in a vacuum in 1720. He later demonstrated the first known artificial refrigeration at the University of Glasgow in 1748 by letting ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. Olvier Evans, an American inventor, designed the first refrigeration machine to use vapor instead of liquid in 1805. Although he did not actually build it, an American physician named John Gorrie, produced one very similar to Evans’ in 1842 to cool the patients with yellow fever in a Florida hospital. His basic principle is still the most often used in refrigerators today. He found the best way to cool the air was by compressing a gas, then cooling it by sending it through radiating coils, and then expanding it to lower the temperature even more. Evans was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration in 1851 after giving up his medical practice to focus on his experimentation with ice making. In 1820 Michael Faraday, a Londoner, first liquefied ammonia to cause cooling. Ferdinand Carre of France developed the first ammonia/water refrigeration machine in 1859. Carl von Linde was also very influential in the creation of refrigeration. In 1873 he designed the first practical and portable compressor refrigeration machine in Munich and in 1876 he began using an ammonia cycle rather than the methyl ether he used in his earlier models. Linde later developed a new method (Linde technique) for the liquefaction of large quantities of air in 1894. The meat packing industry in Chicago was the next to adopt mechanical refrigeration nearly a decade later.
F
Beginning in the 1840s, refrigerated cars were used to transport milk and butter. By 1860, refrigerated transport was limited to mostly seafood and dairy products. The refrigerated railroad car was patented by J.B. Sutherland of Detroit, Michigan in 1867. He designed an insulated car with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity, controlled by the use of hanging flaps that created differences in air temperature. There were different car designs based upon the type of cargo, whether meat or fruit. The first refrigerated car to carry fresh fruit was built in 1867 by Parker Earle of Illinois, who shipped strawberries on the Illinois Central Railroad. Each chest contained 100 pounds of ice and 200 quarts of strawberries. It wasn until 1949 that a refrigeration system made its way into the trucking industry by way of a roof-mounted cooling device, patented by Fred Jones.
G
Refrigerators that were built in the late 1800s to 1929 used the toxic gases; methyl chloride, ammonia and sulphur dioxide as refrigerants. There were numerous fatal accidents that occurred in the 1920s when methyl chloride leaked out of refrigerators. After the terrible incidents, three American companies began researching less dangerous methods of refrigeration. Frigidaire discovered a new class of synthetic refrigerants called halocarbons or CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in 1928. That research lead to the discovery of chlorofluorocarbons (Freon), which quickly became the standard used in compressor refrigerators. Freon was safer for those nearby but was later discovered in 1973 by Prof. James Lovelock, to be harmful to the ozone layer. To prevent further damage, new developments were made, such as Hydroflourocarbons which have no known effect on the ozone layer. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFS) are no longer used; they are outlawed in several places, making refrigeration far safer today than it has ever been.
答案：
1.C
2. A
3. E
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. F
8. E
9. A
10. B
11. D
12. E
13. A
第二篇：保健品
第三篇：沙漠化的影响 How deserts areformed
原文：
A
A desert is abarren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequentlyliving conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. Deserts have beendefined and classified in a number of ways, generally combining totalprecipitation, number of days on which this falls, temperature, and humidity,and sometimes additional factors. (16题) In some areas, the deserts are separatedby rivers, mountains or other landforms and in other areas, the borders ofdeserts cannot be determined. (21题，T)
B
The raising oflivestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses aregenerally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of anexcessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of thevegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This isusually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. (22题，T)
C
Sand and duststorms are natural events that occur in arid regions where the land is notprotected by a covering of vegetation. Dust storms usually start in desertmargins rather than the deserts themselves where the finer materials havealready been blown away. As a steady wind begins to blow, fine particles lyingon the exposed ground begin to vibrate. At greater wind speeds, some particlesare lifted into the air stream. When they land, they strike other particleswhich may be jerked into the air in their turn, starting a chain reaction. Onceejected, these particles move in one of three possible ways, depending on theirsize, shape and density. (14题)
D
The cultivation ofcrops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densitieshave grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severedryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most cropsnecessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leaveextensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind andwater erosion. (20题)
E
In a state ofAmerica in 20th century, a large area of farmland had become desert. Andmeasures have been taken to prevent the reoccurring of desertification. (15题)
F
People havestruggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia.Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available andoases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life. Thecultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of thecauses of increased desertification. Some nomads take the desert wherever theygo. (18题)
G
It is amisconception that the lack of rainfall causes the desertification. (23题，F) Even insome arid areas, the land will recover as soon as rain comes. Moredesertification is caused by human activities. In the West Africa, a seriousdesertification causes a large number of people to lose their lives. (24题，NG)
H
Although there istremendous publicity on the severity of desertification, (25题，F) theresearchers have never reached a consensus on the reasons and process ofdesertification. (19题)
I
Nowadays, newtechnologies are being applied to help solve desertification problems. (17题)Satellites have been put into use to study the impact of people and livestockon earth. (26题，F)However, other types of technology about the problems and process ofdesertification are still needed.
Questions &Answers
Questions 14-20Matching
Which paragraphcontains the following information?
14. the referenceof irregular movement of particles C
15. an account thata productive-land turned into a desert in 20th century E
16. the types ofdeserts A
17. the method oftackling the problems of deserts I
18. the effect ofmigration on desertification F
19. the lack ofagreement among the scientists about the causes of desertification H
20. the example ofthe fatal effects of faming practice D
Questions 21-26
21. It is difficultto ascertain where the deserts begin in some areas. T
(A段说in otherareas, the borders of deserts cannot be determined.)
22. Farming animalswill increase soil erosion. T
(B段提到livestock会acceleratederosion)
23. The most commoncause of desertification is the lack of rainfall. F
(G段提到It is amisconception that the lack of rainfall causes the desertification.)
24. The problems inWest Africa are yet to be solved. NG
(G段提到WestAfrica的问题,但是并未提及是否已经解决)
25. Media isuninterested in the problems of desertification. F
(H段提到there istremendous publicity on the severity of desertification.)
26. Technologystudying the relationship of people, livestock and desertification is yet to beinvented. F
(I段提到Satelliteshave been put into use to study the impact of people and livestock on earth.)
答案：
14.C 15.E 16.A 17.I 18.F 19.H 20.D
21.T 22.T 23.F 24.NG 25.F 26.F
回忆6：
小作文：类型：表格
题目：一个表格 3年欧洲国家人每周摄入的食物对比，大概有七个食物
大作文：Some scientists believe that studying the behaviour of 3-year-old children can tell which children would grow up to be criminals. To what extent in your opinion is crime a product of human nature or is it possible to stop children from growing up to be criminals
回忆7：
听力
