第二篇文章Features of Tropical Mammals (热带哺乳动物的特点),全文采取“对比比较中的因果分析”结构,即热带哺乳动物相较于温带哺乳动物的不同点,以及该不同点的背后原因分析。热带哺乳动物有三大特点:1. 在炎热干旱的食物短缺季节不能够像温带哺乳动物一样休眠(dormancy),原因有4个(不展开,考查EXCEPT题和若干细节题);2. 热带哺乳动物的第二个特点是,不像温带哺乳动物是肉食者(carnivore),热带哺乳动物还食用大量水果,该食性变化背后的原因分析(不展开,是出题点);3. 热带哺乳动物的第三个特点是,物种种类和温带动物大不相同,背后原因分析(不展开,出题点)。整篇文章相对简单,长难句较少,通俗易懂。并且文章结尾是久未露面的表格分类题(Fill in a Table),只要在原文提及的内容都可以选择,不用区别是否是重要的主题观点。
第三篇文章Extinctions at the End of the Cretaceous (白垩纪晚期的物种灭绝)。该话题是常考内容,但考生切不可掉以轻心,以为是常见的“因果分析型”学术思维,即先讲述白垩纪物种灭绝的传统错误观点(气候变化导致的),然后再给出最新的正确观点(小行星撞击导致的)。试想,考过多次的物种灭绝话题,ETS胆敢反复再考,必然这篇文章的切入点和以往有所不同,因而造成不同的行文思路和内容。这篇文章只分四段,第一段描写白垩纪晚期的海洋物种灭绝,从食物链的底端浮游生物(plankton)开始,引发了整个食物链的崩塌;第二段描写陆地上的物种灭绝和幸存者,分别罗列它们能够幸存下来的原因(EXCEPT题出题点)。第三段描写物种大灭绝之后发生了什么(海洋浮游生物的消失和陆地蕨类fern的突起)。最后一段才讲述这次物种灭绝的原因,小行星撞击地球造成的。
简单类文章的出题原理
任何阅读考试的难度体现在文章和题目设置两方面。一般来说,这两方面此消彼长、辩证存在,不会共同发力为难考生。文章简单(话题通俗易懂,长难句少,生词量低),那么出题便会相对较难,重点放在以下两方面:
对于原文信息精准意思的理解
对于原文信息整体意思的理解
考题1
第20题 Paragraph 2 indicates which of the following about fruit trees in the tropics?
They have been the plants most studied by biologists in the tropics
They don’t need to grow much before they begin to produce fruit that tropical animals can eat.
They can spread to areas far from the mother tree, in part because of the eating habits of some carnivores.
They have become the main source of food for pumas, jaguars, and otters.
解析:这是针对第二篇文章第2段果树相关细节的精准理解。A选项中的“most studied”比较扎眼,原文中没有提及果树是生物学家研究最多的植物(虚假比较);B选项“don’t”引发的虚假否定,原文没有对果树产果前的生长量做任何叙述;C选项是正确答案,对应原文的因果考点;D选项末尾错误(信息点滞留法则),对应原文考句:All the carnivores in Brazil, save pumas, jaguars, and otters, are known to eat fruit on occasion. 考查这句话中“save”的精准意思理解,此处save=except,表示除了pumas, jaguars, and otters以外的其他肉食哺乳动物也吃水果。这道题需要综合原文关于果树(fruit trees)的所有信息,并准确理解这些信息。
考题2
第23题 It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the animals most likely to inhabit tropical regions are animals that
live in trees
outnumber social rodents
do not require a variety of food resources
prefer the dark
解析:读完题干发现,题干中问及的“the animals most likely to inhabit tropical regions(最可能住在热带的动物)”是全文的研究对象,即全文的话题词,放眼望去,文章处处都是对“住在热带的动物”的描写,因此没有特定的定位句子,而需要整段阅读,综合理解,然后选项辨析:选项B中的“outnumber(数量比…多)”和选项D中的“prefer”是常见干扰项中“虚假比较”,原文没有将热带哺乳动物和群居啮齿动物做数量比较,也没有进行光亮度的喜好比较;选项C是常见干扰项中“虚假否定”错误,与段落最后一句“While most North American bats feed on insects, the diets of Brazilian bats are more varied and include fruit, nectar, and fish.”矛盾;正确答案A,对应段落中部第4句“Arboreal (tree-living) mammals such as monkeys and sloths are plentiful in tropical forests, probably because there is a rich resource-filled, dense canopy to occupy and feed in.”此题代表典型的“整段阅读、综合整段信息作答”的出题原理。
综合写作回顾和参考范文
阅读主要观点:
椰棕象虫(read palm weevil)是一种以棕榈树为食的甲壳虫。它起源于亚洲的热带地区,并传播到世界各地。因为它吃了大量的棕榈树,造成棕榈树大量死亡。所以,专家们开始研究如何控制椰棕象虫蔓延。
第一个方法是消灭被感染的棕榈树。一旦棕榈树上发现有了寄生虫的症状,如叶子开始发黄或者树干上有了小洞,就立即将这些树清理掉。这样便可避免经济和生态方面的损失,也可以预防椰棕象虫扩张。
第二个方法是用捕虫器来捕捉椰棕象虫。可以将椰棕象虫分泌的费洛蒙和一种有毒的化学品放在捕虫器中。椰棕象虫会被费洛蒙吸引到捕虫器中,并被旁边的有毒物质毒死。
第三个方法是使用杀虫剂。杀虫剂直接喷在棕榈树的树干或者是树底下的泥土中,这样就可以杀死大量的椰棕象虫。
听力主要观点:
控制椰棕象虫的蔓延仍然是有挑战的一件事,因为阅读中说的每个方法都有缺陷。
首先,棕榈树最初被感染的症状是十分难以辨认的。当棕榈树出现了发黄的叶子这样的症状时,其实已经被感染了一个月了。在这期间,椰棕象虫有足够的时间繁殖,并感染其他树。所以,砍掉那些被感染的树,就没有意义了。
其次,捕虫器中的有毒化学物质并不能长期有效。所以需要每周都更换每个捕虫器中的有毒物质才能确保杀死椰棕象虫。一旦更换不及时,捕虫器中的费洛蒙会吸引大量的椰棕象虫,并在周围地区大范围传播。
最后,很多椰棕象虫藏在棕榈树的内部。所以,即便我们尽可能地将杀虫剂喷洒到树干内部,也会有漏网之鱼。这些存活下来的雌性椰棕象虫的繁衍能力十分强大,足以危及其它树。
满分范文
The writer makes the points that we have three strategies to contain the spread of the read palm weevil. On the contrary, the professor states that all the strategies have weaknesses and it is still a challenge to stop the spread of the troublesome pest.
First, in terms of destroying the infested trees, the listening contradicts the reading. The professor says that it is difficult to determine whether a tree is infested or not in the early stages because they would not show any signs. When the trees show visible signs, like yellow leaves, they would have been infested for a month and they have a chance to reproduce. So it is useless to destroy the infested trees because the weevils have already moved on to infest other trees.
Second, the writer implies that we can use a pheromone mixture to attract the weevils to the traps. But the professor points out that this strategy will make the problem worse. It is because that the poisonous chemicals could not stay active for a long time. To make the traps work, people should replenish the traps each week. If the traps are not replaced regularly, the weevils would not be killed and so they will spread in the surrounding area.
Finally, the lecture refutes the idea that using pesticides to eliminate weevils. There are hundreds of weevils living deep inside the trees. Even though pesticides are applied thoroughly to reach the deep inside trees, some weevils would survive. And any surviving female can lay more than 200 eggs at a time. As a result, they can produce enough offspring to keep doing serious damage to many trees.