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2020年8月30日托福听说读写真题答案回忆蹲点汇总+解析

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2020年8月30日托福听说读写真题答案回忆蹲点汇总+解析回忆1:Reading
求!补!充!
1,斑马条纹的作用
2,修水坝的利弊
3,carve art
4,某一大型食草动物灭亡的原因
5,人类移居美洲
6,一种flander的编织品,开始是为了取暖和装饰,后面有贵族赞助制作,tell family story以及身份象征,发展过程法国动乱,导致flander这个地方发展的更好了
7,古代洞穴里面发现了有人画企鹅
8,恒温动物变温动物,大概是将不能一概而分,很多恒温动物采用变温动物的strategy,比如晒太阳提高温度更省力;一些变温动物也会通过metabolic process取暖,例子是蛇
9,白令海峡
回忆2:Listening
补充哦~~~笔芯!
Conversation
1、讲学生定了一个地方办活动,但人意外很多,要换地方
2、是学生问教授关于一种planet的认识
3、学生去心理系想找on campus job,因为学校employment Office不理她,最后在心理系找了个放电影的工作

Lecture
1,讲宇宙怎么发展产生minerals
2,Tommas Jefferson作为建筑家
3,古希腊两个时代的建筑相互影响又有很多区别,从建筑可以研究很多文化回忆3:独立写作
For a students that are about to graduate,it is better for them to finish an intensive research project on a interesting topic and then write a paper on this topic or finish an internship which let students to learn some business skills.
毕业之前参加个项目:做一个专业范围内的详尽研究然后写一篇论文,还是参加一个实习以获得经验,你喜欢哪一个?

综合写作
大农场和当地农场

阅读部分:大农场不好
1. 浪费资源
2. 东西不新鲜口感不好
3. 不能给当地提供价值

听力部分:反驳
1,农业技术可以improve thetaste同时provide more nutrition like vitamin
2,有的地方用少一点的地能种同样的东西,就能节省资源
3,chain store can create more jobs forlocal residents thus can contribute more to the local taxes回忆4:SpeakingTask 1去哪儿是自己做决定还是和朋友一起做决定
Task 2学校请了个professional director来指导musical blabla,但是女生不同意。1,他很忙,一星期来一次,而且学生们也能做的很好;2,并不能吸引同学,因为只有戏剧相关专业的同学才知道他,大部分同学不知道他是谁
Task 3ecological validity ,prof请了很多business owner让他们做游戏,模拟投资,但是他们很冒险,因为这是游戏,所以结果并不能反应真是情况。所以教授告诉他们收益和现实挂钩,他们就认真了
Task 4wildfire对动物的益处 1.可以给他们提供新的nesting place 2. 摧毁原来的vegetation,新的vegetation来覆盖,更有nutrients,更好消化回忆5:阅读01
Pleistocene Extinctions
更新世的物种灭绝
2019.05.04,2018.09.02,2017.05.27,2016.02.27,2015.09.12
讲的是大型动物的灭绝。第一题问哪的动物灭绝率高,然后有两个可能的因素。第一点说可能是因为气候的变化,但是有反驳提问说有的动物能迁徙到合适的栖息地,为什么有的动物却并没有走?此处举例说明。第二点说可能是人类的捕杀,但是有证据表明当时人口比较少且居住分散,而且大多证据都是小型动物没有大型动物,举了澳大利亚的例子。最后一段进行总结,认为可能以上两种因素都有,综合考虑也许是共同作用的结果。

Vocabulary Card
sparser = more thinly distributed 稀疏的
episodes = occurrence 发生
proponents = supporters 支持者
swift = quick 快速的

考句解析 ●●

文中反复用到这个表达“after all”,翻译成中文叫做“毕竟”,但考生不能只停留在这样一个表层意思,“after all”的真正含义是用来引出原因解释。下面例句中很多学者质疑“气候变化导致更新世的大型哺乳动物灭绝假说”,认为即使气候变化,动物也可以迁徙逃跑,然后补上一刀after all…,就是用来解释学者们这种想法的原因。
First, why did the large mammals not migrate to more suitable habitatsas the climate and vegetation changed? After all,many other animal species did

真题原文

Pleistocene Extinctions

At the end of the Pleistocene (roughly 11,500 years ago), many large mammals became extinct. Large mammals in the Americas and Australia were particularly hard-hit. In Australia, 15 of the continent's 16 of large mammals died out; North America lost 33 of 45 genera of large mammals, and in South America 46 of 58 such genera went extinct. In contrast, Europe lost only 7 of 23 such genera, and in Africa south of the Sahara only 2 of 44 died out. What caused these extinctionsWhy did these extinctions eliminate mostly large mammals Why were the extinctions most severe in Australia and the Americas No completely satisfactory explanation exists, but two competing hypotheses are currently being debated. One holds that rapid climatic changes at the end of the Pleistocene caused extinctions, whereas another, called prehistoric overkill, holds that human hunters were responsible.

Rapid changes in climate and vegetation occurred over much of Earth's surface during the late Pleistocene, as glaciers began retreating. The North American and northern Eurasian open steppe tundras (treeless and permanently frozen land areas) were replaced by conifer and broadleaf forests as warmer and wetter conditions prevailed. The Arctic region changed from a productive herbaceous one that supported a variety of large mammals, to a relatively barren waterlogged tundra that supported a far sparser fauna. The southwestern United States region also changed from a moist area with numerous lakes, where saber-tooth cats, giant ground sloths, and mammoths roamed, to a semiarid environment unable to support a diverse fauna of large mammals.

Rapid changes in climate and vegetation can certainly affect animal populations, but the climate hypothesis presents several problems. First, why did the large mammals not migrate to more suitable habitats as the climate and vegetation changed After all, many other animal species did. For example, reindeer and the arctic fox lived in southern France during the last glaciation and migrated to the Arctic when the climate became warmer.

The second argument against the climatic hypothesis is the apparent lack of correlation between extinctions and the earlier glacial advances and retreats throughout the Pleistocene Epoch. Previous changes in climate were not marked by episodes of mass extinctions.

Proponents of the prehistoric overkill hypothesis argue that the mass extinctions in North and South America and Australia coincided closely with the arrival of humans. Perhaps hunters had a tremendous impact on the faunas of North and South America about 11,000 years ago because the animals had no previous experience with humans. The same thing happened much earlier in Australia soon after people arrived about 40,000 years ago. No large-scale extinctions occurred in Africa and most of Europe because animals in those regions had long been familiar with humans.

One problem with the prehistoric overkill hypothesis is that archaeological evidence indicates the early human inhabitants of North and South America, as well as Australia, probably lived in small, scattered communities, gathering food and hunting. How could a few hunters destroy so many species of large mammals However, it is true that humans have caused major extinctions on oceanic islands. For example, in a period of about 600 years after arriving in New Zealand, humans exterminated several species of the large, flightless birds called moas. A second problem is that present-day hunters concentrate on smaller, abundant, and less dangerous animals. The remains of horses, reindeer, and other small animals are found in many prehistoric sites in Europe, whereas mammoth and woolly rhinoceros remains are scarce. Finally, few human artifacts are found among the remains of extinct animals in North and South America, and there is usually little evidence that the animals were hunted. Countering this argument is the assertion that the impact on the previously unhunted fauna was so swift as to leave little evidence.

The reason for the extinctions of large Pleistocene mammals is still unresolved and probably will be for some time. It may turn out that the extinctions resulted from a combination of different circumstances. Populations that were already under stress from climate changes were perhaps more vulnerable to hunting, especially if smaller females and young animals were the preferred targets.

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TOPIC
【Pleistocene】话题
2020.01.11,2019.03.03,2016.10.22
Pleistocene Climate
更新世的气候
第一段(引入话题):更新世冰期开始于160万年前,于大约1.3万年前北半球冰川开始撤退,一直持续到八千年前冰川才到达今天的位置。

第二段(冰期次数):在更新世期间,冰川并不是持续覆盖地表,而是有一些冰川撤退的温暖间冰期存在;根据冰川推进时带来的沉淀物(deposits)的位置以及冰川撤退后出现的含有植物泥土的位置,地质学家确定了四次大的冰川推进期(glaciation),以及期间的三次温暖的间冰期(interglaciation)。

第三段(陆地沉淀物测时困难):困难包括冰川推进时会毁掉先前更老冰川留下的沉淀物;沉淀物本身也会发生变化;有些沉淀物的时间超出了放射性碳测的那个时间的极限;并且冰川的推进在各个地区不总是同时进行,所以不可以把一个地区的冰川推进情况扩展至其他地区。

第四段(问题的解决):最近,地质学家使用海洋动物贝壳里的CaCO3中氧同位素比例的变化来确定冰川的推进和撤退,具体原理是:在寒冷的冰期,更轻的氧16被蒸发落地形成冰川,所以此时海水中的重氧18/轻氧16的比例(proportion)较高;而当温暖间冰期来临,陆地冰川融化,氧16随融水再次返回海洋,此时海水中的重氧18/轻氧16的比例减小。

第五段(惊人结果):海底贝壳沉淀物的分析表明冰川的推进和撤退是一个比从陆地沉淀物分析得出的更为复杂的过程:在过去百万年时间里,冰川的推进和撤退周期性地出现(大约每1万年一次),这种周期性惊人地符合Milankovitch从天文学角度对冰期的预测,即照到地球的太阳光量变化诱发了冰期的周期性出现,当然背后还有很多问题尚未解决。

第六段(进一步结果):冰川推进/撤退的周期性表明整个更新世并非一直寒冷,而是存在温暖的间冰期,温度和今天一样温暖,甚至最后一个间冰期的温度还高于今天,但是在冰期,温度垂直下降,40度以上的高纬度地区的温度竟达到极地一样的温度,但是从间冰期进入冰期和从冰期进入间冰期的速度不同,进入冰期变冷是慢慢的,而进入间冰期变暖是瞬间几十年就完成的。
corresponds approximately to that of North America = match roughly that of North America 与北美的情况类似
simultaneously = at the same time 同步地,同时地
trigger = start 开始
uniformly = consistently 一致地

2019.01.05
Late Pleistocene Extinctions
更新世晚期物种灭绝

2017.08.26,2017.08.27
Glaciation in the Pleistocene Era
更新世的冰河作用
renowned = famous
concurred with = agreed with
distinctive = characteristic
gradually = slowly

02
Zebra Stripes
斑马的条纹
2019.08.24,2018.01.13
斑马身上的条纹是如何形成的?我们很难得到确切的答案。有些科学家认为,条纹是一种伪装的形式,保护斑马免落狮口。另一些科学家则认为,条纹在斑马的求偶仪式中起到关键作用。2014年,有研究人员发表研究称,条纹能够赶走苍蝇,保护斑马远离苍蝇经常传播的疾病。一项特殊新研究提供了另一种可能的解释:斑马的栖息地有时会变得闷热难耐,条纹能助它们保持凉爽。“我们发现,温度差异是决定平原斑马条纹的一个重要因素,”这项研究报告的主要作者,美国加州大学洛杉矶分校助理研究员布伦达·拉尔松博士在写给《赫芬顿邮报》的一封电子邮件中说,“季节性低温地区的斑马,条纹比气候持续温暖地区的斑马要少。”关于这项研究,研究人员对非洲16个地区的平原斑马条纹变化进行了分析。他们然后还研究了这些条纹图案与29种环境变量之间的关系,包括气候、捕食和苍蝇叮咬等。分析说明了什么?相比其它环境变量而言,条纹的覆盖程度与热气候关系更紧密。换句话说,栖息地越热,斑马条纹就越多。《国家地理》杂志报道称,此种关联的一种假说认为,醒目的黑白条纹能让斑马身体周围的空气产生对流,从而达到冷却效果。也就是说,空气在吸收阳光的黑色条纹上流动得快,而在白色条纹上流动得慢,这样就会形成冷却气流。的确如此,数字式测温枪的初步观察结果表明,牧场上斑马的体表温度(84.6华氏度)与附近同等大小、褐色毛皮的羚羊(90.5华氏度)相比,明显较低。但拉尔松认为,这并不意味着斑马条纹的谜底被最终揭开。

03
Cave and Rock Art
洞穴与岩石艺术
2019.05.04,2017.07.08,2016.09.11
主要讲述岩洞/岩石艺术的主题内容(subject matter):刻画史前大型狩猎动物,很少画人;岩石艺术的制作方法:一般都是雕刻在岩石表面,后来出现上色;所使用的材料:最初只有铁氧化石的红色颜料,和偶尔的黑白棕黄色,但艺术家创造性地发明了杵和臼(pestles and mortars)等研磨工具将不同材料混合产生出多种不同的色彩。

Vocabulary Card

rudimentary = elementary 基本的
akin to = similar to 与...相似
occasionally = sometimes 有时
ingenuity = inventiveness 独创性
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TOPIC
【洞穴艺术】话题
2019.01.26
Cave Artists洞穴艺术家
洞穴作画比暴露在外界空气下的画保存时间长,且保留下来的数量多很多。而暴露在户外空气中的画才留下6幅。但是洞穴作画需要付出很多成本,例如火把需要用到很多动物脂肪,需要借助平台(platform)才能画到很高的地方,而洞穴一般都又大又长,所以作画很危险。
occasionally = sometimes 偶尔
akin to = similar to 与...相似
rudimentary = elementary 基本的
routinely = regularly 规律性的

2019.10.27,2019.08.24
Cave Painting 洞穴绘画

【壁画】话题
2018.03.10,2018.10.28
Murals, Frescoes, and Easel Paintings 壁画,湿画和支架画

2019.03.16,2017.12.02,2016.12.11
The Sistine Ceiling 西斯廷壁顶绘画

04
Removing Dams
移除水坝
2017.11.25
第一段:总结性对比了dams的优劣,好处在于可以制造electricity、蓄水、制造就业机会(细节题),劣势是改变了水道、淹没城市、影响local animals的栖息地和migration。

第二段:人们逐渐意识到了dams的危害,开始反对(oppose)修建水坝,除了不再建造新的以外,还有一些人提出proposal是关于removal of the existing dams.

第三段:讲到首先被移除的dam,虽然它的owner很不愿意,但是在综合考虑了环境成本(environmental cost)比如阻止了很多鱼类的迁徙,经济利益(economic benefit)和能源尤其电力的开销(expense)之后,政府还是移除了水坝,并开始在原址上重建湿地等生态环境。

第四段:讲到第二个需要移除的dam,恢复生态的成本,只是简单移除大坝并不解决问题,这里原来是king salmon spawn的地方,现在就是muddy deposit,所以要移除大坝并且restore这些生物,政府需要支出几百万美金。

第五段:环境保护组织也开始行动起来了,他们希望四个主要的大坝被移除,但是这些大坝的经济效益还是很大,不仅提供廉价的电和水资源,还提供就业和相应的娱乐。

第六段:最后一段提出质疑,问究竟是economic value更重要,还是说environment price更重要,两者如何权衡,以此来强调removal of dams的复杂性。


Vocabulary Card
obsolete = out of date 废弃的
suitable = appropriate 恰当的
ambitious = impressive but difficult to achieve 雄心勃勃的
take precedence over = have greater importance than 优先于...比...重要

真题原文

Removing Dams
For nearly a century, two United States governmental agencies, the United StatesArmy Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation, have constructed dams to store water and to generate electricity. Building these dams provided cheap electricity, created jobs for workers, stimulated regional economic development,and allowed farming on lands that would otherwise be too dry. But not everyone agrees that big dam projects are entirely beneficial. Their storage reservoirs stopthe flow of rivers and often submerge towns, farms, and historic sites. They prevent fish migrations and change aquatic habitats essential for native species.

The tide may have turned, in fact, against dam building. In 1998 the Army Corps announced that it would no longer be building large dams. In the few remaining sites where dams might be built, public opposition is so great that getting approval for projects is unlikely. Instead, the new focus may be on removing existing dams and restoring natural habitats. In 1999 Bruce Babbitt, then the United States interior secretary, said, ―Of the 75,000 large dams in the United States, mostwere built a long time ago and are now obsolete, expensive, and unsafe. They were built with no consideration of the environmental costs. As operating licenses come up for renewal, dam removal and habitat restoration to original streamflows will be among the options considered.

The first active hydroelectric dam in the United States to be removed against the wishes of its owners was the 162-year-old Edwards Dam, on the Kennebec River in Augusta, Maine. For many years, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service had advocated the removal of this dam, which prevented migration of salmon, shad, sturgeon, and other fish species up the river. In a precedent-setting decision, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ordered the dam removed after concluding that the environmental and economic benefits of a free-flowing river outweighed the electricity generated by the dam. In July 1999 the dam was removed and restoration work began on wetlands and stream banks long underwater.

The next dams likely to be taken down are the Elwha and Glines Dams on theElwha River in Olympic National Park in the state of Washington. Built nearly a century ago to provide power to lumber and paper mills in the town of PortAngeles, these dams blocked access to upstream spawning beds for six species of salmon on what once was one of the most productive salmon rivers in the world. Simply removing the dams will not restore the salmon, however. Where50-kilogram king salmon once fought their way up waterfalls to lay their eggs in gravel beds, there now are only concrete walls holding back still water and deep beds of muddy deposits. Removing the mud, uncovering gravel beds where fish spawn, and finding suitable salmon types to rebuild the population is a dauntingtask. Congress will have to appropriate somewhere around $300 to $400 million to remove these two relatively small dams and rehabilitate the area.

Environmental groups, encouraged by these examples, have begun to talk about much more ambitious projects. Four giant dams on the Snake River in Washington State, for example, might be removed to restore salmon and steelhead fish runs to the headwaters of the Columbia River. The Hetch Hetchy Dam in YosemiteNational Park might be taken down to reveal what John Muir, the founder of the prestigious environmental organization Sierra Club, called a valley ― just as beautiful and worthy of preservation as the majestic Yosemite. Some groups have even suggested removing the Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River. In each of these cases, powerful interests stand in opposition. These dams generate low-cost electricity and store water that is needed for agriculture and industry. Local economies, domestic water supplies, and certain types of recreation all would be severely impacted by destruction of these dams.

How does one weigh the many different economic, cultural, and aesthetic considerations for removing or not removing these dams? Do certain interests,such as the rights of native people or the continued existence of native species offish or wildlife, take precedence over economic factors, or should this be autilitarian calculation of the greatest good for the greatest number? And doesthat number include only humans or do other species count as well?

05
Flanders的编织品
一种Flander的编织品,开始是为了取暖和装饰,后面有贵族赞助制作,tell family story以及身份象征,发展过程法国动乱,导致Flander这个地方发展的更好了。
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TOPIC
【编织品】话题
2019.05.18,2015.12.19
Shaker BasketsShaker人的篮子
Shaker生活在美国东北部地区,他们注重功用,崇尚朴实无华的手工艺品,但并不排斥色彩装饰。他们制作的篮子正是“美在于功用”这一原则绝佳体现。基于印第安人和其他民族人的篮子,他们给篮子加了衬里和轮子,并用硬木来支撑其脆弱区域。他们还创新了方法和工具,大大缩减了制作时间,并提升了篮子的质量。教徒之间的交流学习以及新教徒的加入,使得篮子的制作方法得以传播并不断更新发展。
associated with = connected to 相关的
vulnerable = easily damaged 易受伤害的
modified = made changes to 修改
inevitably = necessarily 不可避免地
06
Keeping Body Temperature
维持体温
2020.08.22,2019.12.08,2019.05.26
科学家根据动物的温度把它们划分为变温动物(poikilotherm)和恒温动物(homoiotherm)。poikilotherm的身体会不受周围环境影响,自身温度独立于周围环境。Homoiotherm的身体温度和周围环境温度保持一致,没有独立调节自身温度的动物。

动物调节温度的能力取决于周围环境的传导性,比如在水里,水的比热容(heat capacity)比较高,导热性很好,所以水里的动物如果想要和周围的温度保持不一样就很难,一般水里的动物温度和周围环境不会超过2度。但是空气的heat capacity和导热性就很差,所以陆地的动物就可以和外部温度有较大的差别;但是科学家随后发现这种分类有很大缺陷。比如被划分为poikilotherm的动物其实自己没有调节自身温度的能力,虽然和周围温度相差很大,但是自身温度全年相差不大;而被划分为homoiotherm的动物,虽然和周围温度相差不大,但是自身温度全年变化比较大。

所以科学家用了不同的方式来划分动物:内温动物(endotherm)和外温(ectotherm)。Endotherm指的是热力来源于自身内部的动物;ectotherm指的是没有自身热力来源系统,主要依靠外部环境来获取热量的动物。虽然有了这样的划分,但是动物并不是完全只会用一种方式获取热量。比如北美的一种鸟roadrunner,它就是一种Endotherm动物,自身温差白天和夜里相差比较大,但是它每天早晨会去晒太阳,从外部获取热量,使自身温度升高。举例有一种蛇,虽然是ectotherm,但是在它孵化卵的时候,会用自己身体紧紧裹着卵,然后在夜里温度比较低的时候,利用肌肉活动提高新陈代谢,提高体温。
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TOPIC
2016.05.29
Adaptations to Temperature
对温度的适应
文章讲述生物如何应对极端温度(超高温和低温):嗜热细菌(thermophilic bacteria)利用氨基酸的不同比例,南北极的鱼类利用体液内含有的高浓度抗冻剂(antifreeze),此外还有糖蛋白(glycoproteins)参与抑制体液的冷凝结晶抵抗低温,原理复杂,大段论述,逻辑转换频繁,需整体理解。

全文第1题。这是一个跨越7行的长难句,直至段尾结束。
【考句】Because heat increase the kinetic energy of molecules and thereby accelerates chemical reactions, the rate of any biological process commonly increases typically between two and four times for each rise in temperature throughout the physiological range, enzymes and other proteins involved in biological processes, however, become less stable at high temperatures and may not function properly.
【解析】
这句话的难点在于:kinetic energy等必会的专业词汇的掌握;because断点的判断,何时引发结果部分;由for、in、throughout一连串介词引发的语义顺延;以及大量的后置复杂修饰。

首先解决词汇的问题,kinetic energy动能,即运动带来的能量;enzyme,酶,催化反应的一种蛋白质;protein,一般泛指蛋白质。
句子结构上,because引发的原因的结束以逗号出现为标志,所以逗号后面 the rate of any biological process… 才是真正的主干句上的结果,而前面的thereby只是because的顺带结果和because一起造成主干句的结果;
介词,需要掌握介词的基本意思,每一个介词都相当于一个小动词,用于引出后面作用的宾语名词,for表目的对象(对于/为了),in表方面,throughout表贯穿跨越一个区间。所以顺读这部分 for each rise in temperature throughout the physiological range ,语义连续为:(目的对象是)对于每一个10度的增长,在温度方面的每一个10度的增长,而且是贯穿整个生理范围之内的温度方面的每一个10度的增长,即在生物能承受的生理范围之内温度的任何一个10度的增长。介词要掌握介词的基本意思,送考生最经典的一个例句,来自林肯葛底斯堡演说的名句,The government should be of, by and for the people. 介词就是弱化的动词,介词前面加be直接构成谓语。介词都有自己的基本意思,只要记住基本意思即可,所谓的很多短语即可忽视。of表属于,by表方式上的通过,for表目的对象。所以上句为:政府是属于人民、通过人民实现、并且为了人民的政府。这才是真正理解英文逻辑,顺读瞬间理解。如果按照中文翻译 民主民治民生(三民主义) ,你永远学不会地道英文,记住,语言学习不完全是翻译。
顺读考试第1题的句子为:因为【热增加了分子的动能,并因此加速了化学反应】,所以【任何生物过程的速度通常会增加2-4倍,增加2-4倍是对于贯穿生理区间范围内的温度每上升10度而言】,但是酶和其他蛋白质(参与到生物过程的酶和其他蛋白质)会变得更不稳定在高温下,并且也许不能正常地行使功能。
最后,针对考生反映没有太读懂这篇文章的原理机制,给出关键段落的剖析,即生物究竟如何对抗低温。
对抗零点之下低温的生物机制:一是依靠血液和体液中盐度上升。盐度上升后,血液和体液的凝固点会下降,这样可以保证生物在冰点之下的寒冷水域中自身血液/体液不会凝固。但是,生物体内蛋白质的结构和功能会因为盐分升高而失活,所以第一个办法行不通(impractical)。第二个办法,依靠血液和体液中甘油(glycerol)和糖蛋白(glycoproteins)浓度的上升。水中存在10%的甘油都能让水的凝固点下降2.3度,所以生物体中甘油浓度的上升也可以使生物体的血液/体液凝固点下降,保持液体状态继续行使生物功能。
对抗低温的另一个解决办法,叫做过度冷却(supercooling)。生物体温可以低到比环境温度更低的超低温,在这个过程中体液并不凝固成晶体(crystals)。因为结晶需要一个晶核(seed),没有晶核即使再低的温度晶体也无法成形。生物体内的糖蛋白(glycoproteins)包裹住了正出现的晶核(coating developing seeds),使晶核无法长大吸引周围的体液形成晶体结构,因此避免了生物体液的结晶固化(solidification)。

07
The Arrival of Humans in the Americas
人类美洲迁徙
2018.09.16,2016.03.19
第一批到达北美的人的途径,目前有两种假说:白令海峡路桥猜想,亚洲人在约1万年前的冰期到达美洲,从美洲北部甶于狩猎原因(great games)向南一路发展,这个发展过程是十分迅速的,先后有 Clovis和其他的人种以及一些Caves做支撑;二学说:对白令海峡的猜想,由一个叫Paul的人提出的,他认为在加拿大 北部和阿拉斯加没有发现12k年左右的遗迹,所以不可能是从北往南的。后来,Paul有一众拥护者来发展他的理论.有人说在一个岛上发现了原始居民的遗骨,同位素测定发现他们大概有11500年,主食为鱼和海洋晡乳动物。一些人说他们不可能游过去,所以是有了船,也就解释了。

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TOPIC
2019.09.01,2019.07.13,2018.01.27,2018.10.14,2017.11.26,2017.02.26
When Did Humans First Colonize the Americas?
人类何时最初殖民美洲?
人类最早定居北美的时间存在争议,最终伴随着一种人制石刃工具F points在野牛肋骨间的发现,确认了人类北美定居时间至少一万年前(因为该野牛于一万年前灭绝)。后来在Clovis又发现比F points还要古老的石刃工具,被称为Clovis points,有人认为Clovis points的使用者就是首次出现在北美大陆上的人类,但也有人对此持反对态度。

“Clovis人是首批出现在北美的人”的支持者要求该理论的反对者去寻找证据,证明在Clovis人之前也有人类定居,但这样的证据很少;不过证据少不能证明这样的事情就没有发生,Clovis First理论的反对者由此解释说可能是因为最早到达北美的人类为数太少因此没有留下太多证据。

关于Clovis First理论(Clovis人是首批到达北美的人)的一个新近争议来自欧亚大陆S文化的发现,S文化所用的石刃工具很像Clovis的石刃工具,但S文化比Clovis早了几千年,有可能是这些S文化的人在大西洋出海捕猎最终到达了北美东北海岸。
insisting = stating forcefully 坚持认为、坚称
interpret = understand 理解
copious = abundant 丰富的、大量的
assertion = claim 认为、声称

08
某大型食草动物的灭绝
09
某古代宫殿的造型
10
第二次工业革命的影响
11
Control of the Seas
海洋的控制
2019.10.12上午场,2019.06.01,2018.10.27,2018.05.19
人们对海洋的控制、国家领海线的发展从无到有,到每岛必争。一开始国家的领海(territorial waters)都是开放的,海上捕鱼不加限制,后来部分国家自己限制了领海线(baseline)到大陆的最远距离,捕鱼需求增加开始有公约,然后反复修改促进公约,局部地区到现在还有争执。最后通过某会议限制国家领海线距离延长到12 miles-200 miles。

Vocabulary Card

formulated = created 形成
ongoing = continuing 正在进行的
most attainable = easiest to reach 最能达到的
inevitable = unavoidable 不可避免的

真题拓展 ●●

句子简化题
考句:It may seem strange that countries fished so freely in oceans many miles from their home ports while hunters could not take terrestrial mammoths from foreign countries without invading them, but the perception that land is owned and that the sea is open to all has persisted in many societies and for many centuries.

选项:
A) Though it may see strange, for centuries anyone was free to hunt and fish wherever one liked, because most societies believed the land and sea were open to all.

B) The fact that hunters could hunt land animals freely only in their own country while fishers could fish freely anywhere reflected the traditional view that land is owned but the sea is open to all.

C) Although land mammals are owned by the country in which they are found, ocean fish swimming in the sea are owned by no one.

D) It seems strange that many societies have for centuries held the view that the land and the animals on it are owned.

【解析】正确答案为B。A选项意思与原句矛盾,很容易排除;C选项是最大干扰项,缺少原句but后的半句信息,即“这种现象一直存在persisted,由来已久for many centuries”;D选项开头部分完全照搬原句,但后面句意错误

本场其他词汇题补充
accessible=available可获得的
literally=virtually实事求是地
undoubtedly=certainly无疑地
回忆6:综合写作:
大农场没有本地农场好
阅读—— 1.浪费资源;2. 食物不新鲜,味道不好;3.无法为本地提供价值
听力—— 1. 农业技术可以改善口感,提供更多像维生素一类的营养;2. 在一些地方,用更少的土地种植同样的东西,可以节省资源:3. 连锁店可以为当地居民创造更多的就业机会,从而为地方税收作出更大的贡献。

独立写作:(新题)
Your university is considering asking those students who are going to graduate to meet an additional graduation requirement during the final semester. Which requirement do you think the university should add and why?
· to ask students to complete an intensive research project on a interesting topic and write a research paper
· to ask students to take part in an internship at a company to learn some business skills

参考思路:
选择观点:to take part in an internship at a company to learn some business skills

理由一:参加公司的实习工作,可以帮助学生把大学期间学习的理论知识在实际操作中转化成具体工作的能力,并且学习一些基本的工作技能,比如: 办公软件操作。

理由二:毕业之后就直接面临找工作的问题,在毕业前参加公司实习,可以拿到实习证明和推荐信,对于之后申请正式工作很有帮助。

理由三:大学生毕业的基本条件是论文,以展现学生的学习能力和深入研究的能力。但是,学生的毕业论文和毕业答辩已经可以达到这一目的。要求学生额外再写一篇自己感兴趣领域的论文,会给学生毕业前的一段时间带来很大的学术压力。此外,在时间有限的情况下,这篇自己感兴趣领域的论文,也不会有很深入的研究和观点。回忆7:【口语部分】
1. Imagine that you and your friends are going to hang out, and you guys need to decide where to go. Who do you think should make the decision? You make it, or you and your friends make it together? Why? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your choice.

2.阅读:学校请了个professional director来指导音乐活动,吸引大家参与
听力:女生不同意。首先,他很忙,一星期来一次,而且学生们也能做的很好;其次,并不能吸引同学,因为只有戏剧相关专业的同学才知道他,大部分同学不知道他是谁。

3. ecological validity ,教授请了很多business owner让他们做游戏,模拟投资,但是他们很冒险,因为这是游戏,所以结果并不能反应真是情况。所以教授告诉他们收益和现实挂钩,他们就认真了

4. wildfire对动物的益处 首先,可以给他们提供新的nesting place. 其次,摧毁原来的vegetation,新的vegetation来覆盖,更有nutrients,更好消化.回忆8:【听力部分】
对话:
1. 学生定了一个场地办活动,但是意外发现人非常多,需要换地方。
2. 学生问教授关于一种行星的认识
3. 学生去心理系找校内工作,因为之前employment office没有理她。最后,在心理系找了一个放电影的工作。
4. 学生洗衣服发现洗衣机坏了,去找服务人员投诉。

讲座:
1. 讲述宇宙如何产生矿物质的
2. 讲述建筑家Tommas Jefferson
3. 古希腊两个时代的建筑,相互影响又有很多不同,从建筑可以研究很多文化。回忆9:【阅读部分】
1. 斑马的条纹形成的原因。没有确定的解释,一种说法是:伪装,避免被狮子吃掉。另一个说法是:条纹会决定求偶的结果。之后,有研究发现:条纹可以赶走苍蝇,使斑马远离传播性疾病。又有一种解释说:条纹可以使斑马在炎热的天气中凉爽一些。所以,经过研究发现:条纹的多少与气候之前的关系更加紧密,也就是气候越热,条纹越多;此外,黑白颜色对比越明显,在炎热的气温中,给斑马的降温效果也越好。但是,这些并不意味着斑马条纹的谜底被最终揭开。

2. 修筑水坝的利弊

3. 雕刻艺术

4. 大型食材动物灭绝的原因,有两种假设,一种是:人类导致的灭绝;另一种是:气候的原因

5. 大家对于恒温动物与变温动物不能直接简单的区分,因为它们都会采用彼此的生存策略。比如,恒温动物会晒太阳控制体温;变温动物,比如蛇,会通过新陈代谢过程取暖。

7. 人类移居美洲

8. 古代洞穴里发现有人画企鹅

9. 一种flander的编织品,开始是为了取暖和装饰的。后期有贵族的赞助,开始讲述家族历史,象征着身份。发展过程中经过了法国的动乱,导致flander这个地方发展更好了。

10. 白令海峡回忆10:回忆11:回忆12:


2020年8月22日托福IBT考试总体反馈-重磅来袭!2020年8月22日托福命中多篇阅读真题原题(大部分都是阅读旧题原题),命中口语、听力各四到五部分,命中独立和综合大作文真题原题(都是旧题),总体稍难,CPU资料阅读、写作、听力、口语等全面大中,全面开花!8月22日的托福考试,依然是几套试卷组合,这种模式会一直持续下去。今年托福考试几大特点:(1)听力、口语、写作、阅读老题重复量巨大。(3)在大部分考试中,写作听力一直是四项难度最大,并且对话难度超过讲座)(4)阅读、独立和综合写作重复老题,是我们TOEFL CPU资料里面的。8月22日托福考试大部分题目都在我们CPU资料原题命中!祝贺CPU会员将出现不少100-110分以上托福天才!本次考试听力阅读里大多是老题,仍然大量重复2014-2019年的老题,尤其是我们CPU托福资料的真题。今天口语和写作也是老题居多。ETS今年虽然在考试形式上变化很多,但其实使用的新题非常少,大都是在重复2014-2019年大陆考过的新题。这一方面说明,ETS出题成本太高(80万美金一套),所以出题量小。另一方面说明,托福考试的整体趋势还是稳定的。形式上的变化(多套试卷,阅读加试,听力非经典加试),并不能改变这个考试的内在。今天听力,口语,阅读和写作都重复老题。总体反馈请复制链接进入和 http://bbs.ieltstofelglobal.com/thread-250348-1-1.html和http://bbs.ieltstofelglobal.com/forum-133-1.html特别提醒:托福考试几十多年来,有非常严格的规律性和出题思路。全世界有6到10个托福大考区,而只有一个美国托福考试中心几个人在出题,每个考区每个月要出2-4份考卷,一个月出12-24份考卷,考官如何保证达到难度一样呢,如何保证新题难度、准确度和评价机制公平呢,所以只能是几十年来托福真题题库旧题目的有效组合,新题不能超出10%。事实上每份托福真题卷子都是80%-90%以上旧题原题真题。近年来,阅读几套卷里大多是老题,ETS今年虽然在考试形式上变化很多,但其实使用的新题非常少,大都是在重复2014-2019年大陆考过的老题。这一方面说明,ETS出题成本太高(80万美金一套),所以出新题量小。另一方面说明,托福考试的整体趋势还是稳定的。形式上的变化(多套试卷,阅读加试,听力非经典加试),并不能改变这个考试的内在。除了阅读之外,听力,口语和写作都大部分是重复老题。多年托福考官和专家Edward老师非常熟悉托福出题规律和听说读写题库出题组合卷子的秘诀, CPU资料因此而诞生,可以快速帮助考生提高20-60分!具体请阅读http://bbs.ieltstofelglobal.com/thread-231387-1-1.html


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