雅思考试-雅思写作7-8分语法必备知识
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简单句
1. 主 + 动
Crimes and offences fall significantly.
犯罪大幅下降。
2. 主 + 动 + 宾
Extensive viewing of television violence by children causes greater aggressiveness.
小孩过多观看电视暴力节目导致较强的攻击性。
注：如果动词为不及物时，需要与介词构成复合谓语。
Frequent physical punishment contributes to the child’s later crimes.
经常体罚会导致孩子以后犯罪。
3. 主 + 动 + 宾 + 补
Gambling may turn an ordinary man crazy.（补语是形容词）
赌博会把一个普通人变得疯狂。
A lot of women consider luxury goods a lifenecesssity.（补语是名词）
很多妇女把奢侈品当作生活必需品。
The Internet enables users to accessviolence and pornography easily.（补语是不定式）
互联网让用户轻易接触到暴力色情。
主 + 动 + 间宾/人 + 直宾/物
Community service offers wrong doers an opportunity to correct their misconduct.
社区服务给做坏事的人一个改过自新的机会。
主 + 系动词 + 表
Resisting a criminal with a gun is the safest thing to do. （表语是名词）
用枪来反抗犯罪是最安全的做法。
The suggestion of community service sounds convincing and considerate.（表语是形容词）
社区服务这个建议听上去很有说服力、考虑周到。
并列句
并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句并列而成。
用并列连接词连接：
第一组：and, not only…but also.., neither…nor…, both…and…，as well as
第二组：or, either…or… 第三组：but, while, as, yet 第四组：for
1) The municipal government approved of the artistic project, but the public werestrongly against it.
2) New immigrants must takeEnglish classes, for they must beable to communicate easily in speaking and writing.
2. 用分号加连接副词连接：①however, nevertheless；②therefore，thus, hence, as a result, consequently；③instead, in contrast, on the contrary；④at the same time, meanwhile, in the meantime;⑤ for example, for instance, for one;⑥ besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, similarly, on theother hand,
1) Somepeople are using bicycles for transportation; on the other hand, othersare joining carpools or take bus to go to their destinations.
2) The intelligentmachines such as robots can replace people to do many dangerous jobs; besides,they also can free housewives from their daily housework.
3) Nuclear energy has many profits; for example, it is verycheap and clean.
4) A crimevictim may be injured; thus he is unable to call for help, for example, orno telephone may be available at the scene of the incident.
复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句，定语从句和状语从句六类。前四类从句在句子中的功用相当于名词，所以统称为名词性从句。
1. 名词性从句
(1) 主语从句
1) That the animals suffer alot during the experiments can be proved.
Whether changes in pupil sizeare associated with changes in attitude remainsunclear.
When printed books willfinally be replaced by electronic books is notclear yet, but it is an inevitable trend of history.
Why some people so stronglybelieve that country life is somehow superior to city life has always been a mystery to me.
What we see everyday inmany different places provides a very good example to illustrate theirpower.
With more and more womentaking part in full-time jobs, who will take care of their children hasbecome an increasing problem in our society.
注：在含有主语从句的复合句中，It的巧用。
1) It can be proved thatthe animals suffer a lot during the experiments.
2) It remains uncertain whether changes in pupil size are associated with changes in attitude.
3) It is not clear when printed books will finally be replaced by electronic books.
4) It has always been a mystery to me why some people so strongly believe that country life is somehow superiorto city life.
（2） 宾语从句
1) It is often hard to determine whethera product is really as good as its advertisement claims to be.
It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in adispute.
We can always find in newspaper and magazines numerous contradictoryarticles proclaiming
the advantages and disadvantages of the same thing, sometimes wejust can’t help wondering what we should do, or which we should trust, orwhom we could ask for advice.
It is hard to tell when printed books will finally be replaced byelectronic books, but it is an inevitable trend of history.
I simply can not understand why some people so strongly believethat country life is somehow superior to city life.
（3）表语从句.
1) Whatscientists want to know is whether enlarged pupils can affect the responseof the person who observed them.
The fact is that printed books have become out of date/out-dated,but that different people have different choice.
3)One thing we are not sure about is what this trend ofurbanization may bring about.
One question that keeps puzzling me is why some people sostrongly believe that country life is somehow superior to city life.
One thing which is hard to predict is when electronic books willfinally take the place of paper books.
(4) 同位语从句（常用的标志词：idea, fact, rumor, news, hope, belief, argument, thought, doubt,illusion, dream, order, decision etc）
1) Scientistshave no idea whether enlarged pupils can affect the response of theperson who observed them.
2) I simplyhave no idea why some people so strongly believe that life abroad issomehow superior to life at home.
3) Like ascientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope/dream thatone day he will be amply rewarded.
4) The questionwhen electronic mail will finally take place of written letters is hardto answer.
※ 名词性从句总结
下面两组从句所表达的意思是完全一样的，从而即可体句式的多样性。
◆1) When printed books willfinally be replaced by electronic books is notclear yet, but it is an inevitable trend of history.
2）It is hard to tell when printed books willfinally be replaced by electronic books, but it is an inevitable trend ofhistory.
3)One thingwhich is hard to predict is when electronic books will finally take theplace of paper books, but it is an inevitable trend of history.
4)The questionwhen electronic books will finally take the place of paper books is hard toanswer, but it is an inevitable trend of history.
◆1) Why some people sostrongly believe that country life is somehow superior to city life hasalways been a mystery to me.
2) I simplycan’t understand why some peopleso strongly believe that country life is somehow superior to city life.
3) One thingthat keeps puzzling me is why some people so strongly believe that countrylife is somehow superior to city life.
4) I simplyhave no idea why some people so strongly believe that country life issomehow superior to city life.
2. 定语从句
1) Interests are needs, desires, concerns, fears, the things that one cares about or want.
2) Anyone who lives inour society today can’t deny the great power of mass media.
3) Metrosrequire exclusive rights-of-way, which often means building costlyelevated or underground lines and stations.
4) A child whose parentsare dead is called an orphan.
5) In a bigfamily children usually have more opportunities to talk to different members ofthe family, from whom they can obtain various experiences and skills.
6) Chemical treatment is a process in which woodchips are “cooked” with chemicals.
7) Duringdaylight hours when the helium in the balloon heats up and expands, itslift increases.
8) The powerplants are usually located outside the city where air quality productsare less serious
9) There arenumerous reasons why people prefer emails as their major way ofcommunication today.
10) Pricesreach an equilibrium at the level atwhich quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
11) Xenon hasa number of applications, among whichmay be mentioned its use in flash lamps for high-speed photography.
12)Anthropology is a science in which anthropologistsuse a rigorous set of methods and techniques. 3．状语从句
状语从句一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:
1）时间状语从句
常用引导词：when,as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second,every time, the day, the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than,hardly …when, scarcely … when
例句：Ididn’t realize how special my mother was untilI became an adult.
WhileJohn was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard, the moment they saw the guard.
Nosooner had I arrived home thenit began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
2）地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
例句：Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。
They were good persons. Where they went,there they were warmly welcomed.
他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。
You should have put the book where youfound it.
你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。
3）原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, for
特殊引导词：seeingthat, now that, in that, considering that, given that
例句：Myfriends dislike me because I’mhandsome and successful.
Nowthat everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
The higher income tax isharmful in that it may discouragepeople from trying to earn more.
4）目的状语从句
常用引导词：sothat, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that,to the end that
例句：Theboss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voiceon purpose that the students in theback could hear more clearly.
5）结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, such … that,
特殊引导词：suchthat, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that
例句：Hegot up so early that he caught the first bus.
It’s sucha good chance that we must not missit.
To such a degree was he excited thathe couldn’t sleep last night.
6）条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless,
特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if,providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that
例句：We’llstart our project if the presidentagrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
7）让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …，in spite of the fact that, while,whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever, granting that,granted that, admitting that, for all that
例句：Muchas I respect him, I can’t agree tohis proposal.
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
Nomatter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won’t listen whatever you may say.
8）比较状语从句
常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more …，just as …，no … more than，so … as，A is to B what/as C is to D
例句：Sheis as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
Themore you exercise, the healthieryou will be.
Food is to men what oil isto machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
9) 方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if, how
特殊引导词：theway
Whenin Rome, do as the Roman do.
Shebehaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
SAT
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